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Lindsay A Borden, M.S., Ph.D.

• Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/10003757/lindsay-borden

I would like to thank Marie Braisher hair loss 4 months after delivery purchase generic finpecia line, our unit administra to r for help with ethics submissions and pro to col amendments hair loss juicing recipes order 1 mg finpecia with mastercard. I would like to especially thank Ifrah Iidow hair loss wigs discount finpecia online american express, for always being ready to help with a smile hair loss shampoo reviews buy generic finpecia 1 mg line, no matter what the problem was hair loss cure female buy 1mg finpecia amex. I am forever grateful to her for help with recruitment and organising the scan schedules hair loss early pregnancy generic 1 mg finpecia otc. I am thankful to Elizabeth Bertram, Charlotte Burt and Patricia Cheng for having helped with administrative work and scheduling appointments. Bhavana Solanky, Frank Riemer, Amber Hill and Uran Ferizi remained supportive and willing to help whenever things got crazy and I truly appreciate their help. I would also like to thank Dr David Werring and Dr Robin Lacchman for providing anonymised data for the Fabrys patient group. I would like to thank all the patients and controls for their willing and graceful participation in this work, being genuinely interested, supportive and encouraging of this work. The extent of difficulties undertaken by some patients, to travel for the study, was very humbling and a constant reminder of our need as scientists to do our best. Above all I want to thank my family for believing in me and for giving me love, support, inspiration and the strength to chase a dream. I thank the process of life, for its challenges and tribulations, helping one become only more committed and focused to wards our goal, and teaching us to enjoy the journey, no matter what the destination. Sulcal and gyral crown cortical grey matter involvement in multiple sclerosis: a magnetisation transfer ratio study. Investigation of outer cortical magnetisation transfer ratio abnormalities in multiple sclerosis clinical subgroups. The common sites of dymyelination include optic nerves, corpus callosum, periventricular regions, brainstem, cerebellum and the spinal cord. In routine bipotic and au to ptic pathology, the conventional lipid stains that were used to study demyelinated lesions were unable to prove useful in regions of low myelin density, as in the cortex and deep grey matter (Stadelmann et al. In addition, cortical pathology was also underestimated due to the scarcity of obvious tissue damage, gliosis and minimal perivascular inflamma to ry infiltrate. In addition to demyelination of axons, grey matter damage consists of neuroaxonal degeneration(Geurts & Barkhof 2008). His to pathological studies of grey matter pathology are possibly significantly skewed by lack of the availability of tissue samples from people across different stages of disease; most samples are either from patients with atypical clinical presentations or post mortem (from people with progressive and long duration of disease). There are practical limits on the amount of tissue that can be assessed and examination of the whole brain is prohibitively time consuming. Radiological observations on the other hand allow an in vivo study of cortical pathology non-invasively. This is based on clinical his to ry, to gether with labora to ry and imaging evidence of demyelination, in the form of white matter lesions (Lezak et al. There is evidence that T1-weighted black hole lesions are biased to wards more destructive lesions and when persistent, represents areas of permanent axonal loss (Haller et al. Black holes that enhance following contrast injections are young lesions, associated with inflammation and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and the hypointensity may reverse with follow up. Oedema, demyelination, axonal loss, oligodendrocyte loss and remyelination (Barkhof et al. These scans are limited in the ability to detect abnormalities in the normal appearing white matter. Visibility of these lesions is limited by their location, size and 19 intrinsic properties of the lesions (minimal inflammation, lack of a blood brain barrier disruption (van Horssen et al. To improve the study of cortical lesions different methodologies have been investigated in an attempt to non-invasively reproduce information derived from his to pathological studies, and study the clinical relevance of cortical pathology. Nevertheless these are not without disadvantages such as problems difficulties of narrow bore and incomplete coverage with some sequences and limited clinical availability. However in some conditions 2D sequences may in fact be better and more sensitive (Johnson et al. However, postmortem correlations indicate that only about 18% of the pathologically visible lesions are visualised (Seewann et al. The overlap in his to pathological specificity is largely due to the distribution of water in the diseased parenchyma (Guttmann et al. White matter lesion load and distribution does not correlate well with disease phenotype, stage of disease or extent of disability seen in patients. Cortical lesion loads have also been demonstrated to correlate with tests of cognitive impairment. However, to be able to establish this, it is important to investigate for evidence of grey matter lesions in healthy controls ( to understand whether aging is associated with cortical lesions in the way that it is with white matter lesions) and also in other neurological conditions, such as small vessel disease and migraine, which are also known to cause white matter lesions. Further studies are needed to determine if these observations in controls are true or represent a misinterpretation of artefacts. The pathogenesis of grey matter lesions may differ from that of white matter lesions. A better method to in vivo detect grey matter lesions will likely improve the ability to correlate and predict disease progression in patients. The sections below describe the etiology, clinical features and pathogenesis of Multiples sclerosis. In this project I have also studied the association of cortical lesion load with the performance on cognitive tasks; thus the cognitive tests are described. It commonly presents at 20-40 years of age and is more common in females than males; males > females 2:1. In comparison to African American population, the white population is more susceptible and so are women in comparison to men (2F:M). Differences in gender distribution are, however, noted depending on specific phenotype and also based on age at onset and seem to be changing with time. Four distinct phenotypes have been described based on the onset and progression of disease. While some patients have a very aggressive course, others run a very mild course. The onset of disease is seen to be relapsing remitting in about 85% patients (Leary et al. An episode of acute or subacute new neurological deficit or worsening of old symp to ms, which lasts for a minimum of 24 hours, is defined as a relapse. Pathologically these clinical events represent focal inflammation and 28 demyelination in the central nervous system white matter. When recovery following relapses is followed by a gradually increasing, accumulating deficit and disability, the disease is said to enter a secondary progressive phase. Dissemination of disease in space and time remains the essential requirement in establishing a diagnosis. These presentations can remain localized to one neuroana to mical location (monofocal) or involve multiple sites (multifocal), at the same time. For both relapse onset and progressive onset disease, in the scenario of a brainstem/spinal cord presentation, the symp to matic lesions are not included in determining the fulfillment of criteria. White matter, in contrast, consists of the nerve fibres in neuroglia, and is white in colour, the colour being attributed to the presence of high lipid content in the myelin covering the myelinated nerves (Ceccarelli et al. Grey matter covering the cerebral hemispheres forms the cerebral cortex and number of neocortical neurons has been reported as 21. The organisation in to folds or convolutions (gyri) and fissures (sulci) significantly increases the surface area of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of grey matter (nerve cells, proximal fibres, neuroglia) and blood vessels. The tangential fibres, includes fibres that run along the cortical ribbon, parallel to the cortical surface. The radial fibres, make an angle of 90 degrees (perpendicular) to the cortical surface. The layers from outwards to inwards are the plexiform layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, ganglionic layer (internal pyramidal layer) and the multiform layer (layer of polymorphic cells) (Figure 1. Examples of such regions include the post central gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and parts of hippocampal gyrus (all granular type) and other regions such as the precentral gyrus, other parts of the temporal lobe (agranular type). In addition some scientists further qualify the Insula and the limbic lobes as separate cortical regions. Demyelination is accompanied by inflammation, varying degrees of gliosis and preservation of axons(Popescu et al. Astrogliosis, injury to oligodendrocytes, degeneration of axons and simultaneous remyelination are other changes seen in lesions. In acute lesions, there is a loss of the normal lamellar pattern of myelin, possibly as a 38 result of antibody related processes. Macroscopically acute white matter lesions are pink, soft and usually round or oval in shape. Preferential destruction of oligodendrocytes is seen in acute lesions (Sobel et al. Active demyelination is characteristically noted and there is no immunoglobulin deposition or complement activation. Remyelinating lesions show evidence of oligodendrocytes in the inactive centre of the lesions. Immunoglobin deposition, complement activation and remyelinated lesions are not seen. Variable axonal injury is seen as irregularly swollen axons, accumulation of amyloid B precursor protein and some degree of axonal loss. This is commonly seen in the context of acute lesions and is a fac to r responsible for the relapse related disability seen in patients. These smoldering plaques are thought to be responsible for progression (Popescu et al. The absence of inflamma to ry changes, and a greater extent of demyelination and axonal loss differentiates these from acute lesions. Myelin in the form of droplets and a deposition of immunoglobulins differentiates these from acute lesions. In contrast to the increased cellularity in acute lesions, the centre of chronic lesions consists of demyelinated axons, with few lymphocytes and macrophages; no oligodendrocytes are seen. These chronic lesions also show increased astroglial scar tissue, thick vessels with hyalinised walls. They have sharp edges and are characterised by astrogliosis, loss of axons, absence of oligodendrocytes, minimal infiltration with macrophages, microglia and lymphocytes. As a lesion evolves from chronic active to chronic inactive, oedema and inflammation resolve and there is disappearance of macrophages and microglia. The demyelinated plaque then typically contains many glial fibres which are produced by astrocytes. The degree and efficiency of remyelination is however less in patients with progressive disease (Bramow et al. In these lesions thin myelinated axons with 42 short distances between nodes of Ranvier, are characteristically seen. In addition the cerebellar cortex (Kutzelnigg et al 2007) and deep grey matter (Gilmore et al 2009; Vercellino et al. Atrophy of deep grey matter nuclei, thalamus (Cifelli et al 2002) and caudate has been linked with the progression of clinical disease (Neema et al 2009). The changes observed in imaging studies are due to a combination of focal demyelinated lesions and diffuse changes in the normal appearing grey matter (Haider et al. Increased oxidative injury and anterograde or retrograde degeneration in iron rich regions of the brain have been postulated as a possible mechanism of these changes, and the association with clinical disability. Demyelination with relative preservation of neurons, 43 axons and synapses, is seen in the context of cerebellar cortical lesions. In addition, scattered axonal swellings and end bulbs has also been reported (Kutzelnigg et al. The cerebellum also has an important role in cognitive functions and Cerasa et al (Cerasa et al. Based on their location within the cortex, demyelinating lesions have been classified in to four types. Type I lesions are at the border of the cortex and white matter, and involve both grey and white matter. These are mainly seen in the sulcal folds, particularly in the insula, cingulate, frontal and temporal cortices, the hippocampus and the cerebellum (Lassmann et al. Subpial lesions are seen as large band like lesions affecting the superficial layers of the cortex and can extend inwards from the outer surface of the cortex, and are oriented to wards inflamma to ry infiltrates that are located in the lep to meninges. The neuronal and axonal loss, in the early stages of disease, is seen on a backdrop of inflammation (Popescu et al. These include a scarcity of T and B cell infiltration, microgolial activation and astrogliosis. In various studies, 10-36% neuronal and glial loss has also been seen in the cortex (Lassmann 2008b; Wegner et al.

States can develop their own charts as guidance for the more common tumours based on the local prognostic fac to rs and treatments used hair loss in men will trichomoniasis buy cheap finpecia 1mg on line. In such a situation it may be possible to maintain certification for several years provided the licence holder remains asymp to matic bio herbal anti-hair loss buy 1 mg finpecia visa, is not on active treatment hair loss in men ripped buy finpecia 1 mg, and is reviewed regularly hair loss in men 1950 buy discount finpecia 1 mg on line. From simple beginnings hair loss cure 5 bolt generic finpecia 1mg fast delivery, it is now a sophisticated system in which the controller is in charge but in which the machine hair loss cure erectile cheap finpecia amex. The controller must still make many and varied decisions, sometimes under considerable stress, to produce a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of traffic. Stress-related fac to rs in air traffic controllers Stressful fac to rs Non-stressful fac to rs Being overloaded Responsibility for safety and lives Boredom High work load Failure to conform by others Shift working 16. Special correcting spectacles, suitable only for the work place, may be necessary. They may also be asked to provide guidance to aircraft opera to rs concerning the avoidance of fatigue. It addresses individual mitigation strategies and does not attempt to cover those aspects of fatigue risk mitigation that are addressed by management, such as limitations of duty periods and provision of adequate rest opportunities. Transient fatigue may be described as fatigue that is dispelled by a single sufficient period of rest or sleep. Cumulative fatigue occurs after incomplete recovery from transient fatigue over a period of time. In addition, some definitions from Annex 6 of terms related to fatigue are important and these, along with comments related to their use in practice, are provided in Appendix 1 to this chapter. With one or two pilots available to augment the basic crew, rest opportunities during flight are built in to the crew schedule so that, on a rotational basis, each flight crew member can rest. These are: sleep hygiene, use of hypnotics and melo to nin, and recognition and treatment of sleep disorders, especially obstructive sleep apnoea. If this is the case, they should establish, as soon as possible, a routine in keeping with the local day/night cycle. If they cannot avoid taking some sleep, they should limit this to two or three hours in order to promote sleep when the normal (local night) bedtime arrives. Those who find themselves awake in the early hours of the morning can get out of bed and undertake some mental activity such as reading for an hour or so, or until feeling sleepy if sooner, before attempting to sleep once more. As described, there is a variety of coping mechanisms (and a variety of individual responses to them), and crew members should be encouraged to familiarize themselves with available options and choose the ones that are effective for them personally. Such mental fac to rs can adversely affect sleep when at home and their effect may be exaggerated when away from home, and sleeping is already a challenge. The importance of addressing mental health issues in the periodic 2 medical examination is considered elsewhere in this manual. However, it can be a better strategy to have a pilot report for duty having obtained a good sleep subsequent to taking an approved hypnotic, rather than report when tired, having slept poorly, or having taken an unapproved hypnotic that might be inappropriate for use by crew members. All relevant methods of improving sleep hygiene should have been considered before use of a hypnotic is recommended. Crew members should be cautioned against obtaining hypnotics in this manner and in using them without medical supervision, as their quality and dose are usually uncertain. Such advice may be to seek more specialist information concerning the use of hypnotics in the aviation environment. Prior consent for discussion of personal medical issues with the company, regula to ry authority or personal physician will be needed from the flight or cabin crew member. Other medications may be useful in particular circumstances, and zolpidem is recommended as suitable by the Aerospace Medical Association, with a minimum time between ingestion and reporting for duty of 12 hours. This is particularly important when determining an appropriate recommendation for the time between ingestion and exercising licence privileges. A good safety margin should be included, bearing in mind the effect of biological variation. In all cases, the use of hypnotics beyond a few days, or on a frequent basis, should be strongly discouraged as to lerance and dependence may otherwise occur. As with any medication, but particularly so for hypnotics, it is vital that a crew member test the effects during a ground-based trial prior to use during a roster of duty, to experience the effects and to ascertain that no significant adverse side effects are observed. Its usefulness as a hypnotic agent is debatable, and its effectiveness to treat insomnia is not clinically proven. Some research has shown it to be of use when taken for the purpose of synchronizing circadian rhythms to a new time zone. However, there are several cautions that need to be considered before a crew member can be advised to take mela to nin. The amount of mela to nin required for circadian synchronization remains a subject of research. Most patients seen in a sleep clinic are significantly overweight, though not all. Any pilot who has fallen asleep on the flight deck, outside a planned rest period, should be investigated. Periodic leg movement disorder, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnolence, sleep phase reversal, poor sleep hygiene and sleep disturbance due to depression or pain should be considered in patients who have hypersomnolence but normal respira to ry sleep studies. A flight crew that comprises more than the minimum number required to operate the aeroplane and in which each flight crew member can leave his assigned post and be replaced by another appropriately qualified flight crew member for the purpose of in-flight rest. A crew member who performs, in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the opera to r or the pilot-in-command of the aircraft, but who shall not act as a flight crew member. A data-driven means of continuously moni to ring and managing fatigue-related safety risks, based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience, that aims to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness. A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period. It includes all duties such a crew member may be required to carry out from the moment he reports for duty until he completes the flight or series of flights and the aeroplane finally comes to rest and the engines are shut down. A flight duty period does not include the period of travelling time from home to the point of reporting for duty. The location nominated by the opera to r to the crew member from where the crew member normally starts and ends a duty period or a series of duty periods. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation. The time at which flight and cabin crew members are required by an opera to r to report for duty. A continuous and defined period of time, subsequent to and/or prior to duty, during which flight or cabin crew members are free of all duties. Comment: the definition of rest period requires that crew members be relieved of all duties for the purpose of recovering from fatigue. An unplanned event, such as unforecast poor weather, equipment malfunction, or air traffic delay that is beyond the control of the opera to r. This last fac to r is important and you may need to manage your activities prior to a duty to ensure that you are adequately rested. If you have only been away from home base for two or three days, you can consider your body clock to be still on home time. This means your naturally sleepy periods will correspond to 0100-0500 and mid-afternoon at home time; these are the hours that you should target for sleep. Missing a few hours of sleep each night will cause significant impairment of performance after two or three days. In some countries, pilots are not allowed to use such medications within 24 hours before flying. Medication needs to be of an approved type, taken in accordance with the prescribed instructions. It can be habit forming, so should not ever be used more than three or four times per week. The time required between taking a sleeping tablet and reporting for duty ( to make sure there are no persistent effects) depends on the tablet used and requires advice of an aviation medicine doc to r. However, for pilots or cabin crew, adjusting to local time is very often not achievable or desirable. If crossing several time zones, taking mela to nin at the wrong time can make matters worse. Note that the quality of mela to nin tablets and the quantity of active ingredient in tablets bought from a local s to re without a prescription is usually unknown and is therefore not recommended. Caffeine can sustain wakefulness, but most people use it so regularly that much of this benefit is lost because they develop to lerance to it. If you are serious about using caffeine to remain alert, use it only when it is necessary to be awake and avoid using it at other times. Note that stimulant medication (including caffeine tablets) should only ever be used when prescribed by an aviation medicine doc to r. The interaction between fatigue and sleep is complicated and affects people in different ways. Further, even the best efforts to establish well-designed flying schedules can be stymied by unexpected events and delays. Since the problem can develop slowly, and tiredness is common in aviation operations, the affected person may not be aware that there is a problem. If you are feeling more tired during the day than colleagues working similar schedules, especially if you are overweight and a snorer, you should ask your doc to r about sleep apnoea. The bed partner of an individual suffering the effects of sleep apnoea is more likely to be aware of the situation than the sufferer. Although stimulants like caffeine can produce some short-term benefits, the only thing that really remedies fatigue is sleep. Ensure you use the best techniques to get night-time sleep prior to duty, but also catch extra naps when this is feasible. It outlines how specialists in aviation medicine, pathology and human engineering may contribute to an accident investigation and the nature of the work involved in their contribution. It is essential that the magnitude and scope of the task be assessed at an early stage so that the size of the investigation team may be planned, the appropriate skills marshalled and individuals allotted their various tasks. It also ensures that undue emphasis is not placed on any single aspect of the accident to the neglect of other aspects that might be significant to the investigation and that, whenever it is possible to verify a particular point by means of several methods, all those methods have been employed and the coordination of results has been ensured. It is emphasized that the medical and human fac to rs contributions to the investigation are as important as the efforts of the other investigative groups in the team. The Human Fac to rs (or Medical) Group will be concerned with: a) establishing the presence of any physical or psychological disorder which may have contributed to impaired function of the flight deck crew; b) discovering any specific environmental fac to rs which may have similarly affected the crew; c) searching for items in the medical, paramedical and psychological background of the flight crew which might indicate or explain a decrement in its function or efficiency; d) identifying the flight crew, and cabin crew if relevant, their location at the time of the accident by review of their injuries, and activities at the time of the impact. The pattern of injuries may provide sound evidence as to the sequence of events or even the cause of the accident. It will normally be least difficult in the investigation of a non-fatal accident when the crew can be interviewed and medically examined, or when cockpit voice and flight data recordings are available. Regarding bio-engineering aspects, the non-fatal accident is also easier to investigate in that injuries will be fewer and less severe than when an accident is fatal, and their precise cause and mode of production will be more obvious. This is a problem in deductive reasoning from the outset, and the approach and expertise of a forensic pathologist are generally required. This pre-planning should be based on the supposition of the largest likely disaster; a small accident merely means using fewer of the resources provided. Here the medical investigations should be directed to wards determining or excluding disease and its possible association with the accident and to wards such aspects as alcohol, drugs and to xic substances as possible accident causes.

The 234 Hysterec to my combination of gabapentin and a cox-2 inhibi to r seems to be superior to either single agent for pos to perative pain hair loss in toddlers discount finpecia 1 mg on-line, as well as improvements in mood and sleep quality (Gilron hair loss telogen effluvium purchase finpecia amex, 2005) hair loss 8 year old boy buy finpecia 1 mg low price. For gabapentin hair loss 6 year old purchase finpecia in united states online, 1200 mg/day is the appropriate dosage hair loss and lupus generic finpecia 1mg without prescription, whereas for pregabalin it is 300 mg/day (Ittichaikulthol hair loss in men 80s clothing order 1 mg finpecia visa, 2009). When compared to ketamine (low dose infusion), gabapentin seems to improve pain scores, but either drug seems equally efficacious as opioid-sparing agents (Sen, 2009; Pirim, 2006). Intraoperative dexmede to midine may also reduce the risk of pos to perative shivering (Elvan, 2008). The biologically active drug mela to nin, which is used for circadian rhythms and sleep, has recently been highlighted in two interesting studies. When given as an oral dose of 5 mg the night before and one hour before surgery, it has reduced opioid requirements and pos to perative anxiety, and patients regain their circadian rhythm more quickly after surgery (Caumo, 2007). Given the demonstration that mela to nin has both analgesic, anti inflamma to ry, and anxiolytic properties, and that higher anxiety makes the control of pos to perative pain more difficult, one can hypothesize that mela to nin is a promising agent to improve the control of pos to perative pain. The efficacy of mela to nin equals that of clonidine after abdominal hysterec to my (Caumo, 2009). Finally, intravenous lidocaine has both analgesic and antiinflamma to ry properties, which decrease the upregulation of proinflamma to ry cy to kines, but clinical results have been disappointing (Yardeni, 2009; Bryson, 2010). Other studies using electroacupuncture at 10 Hz have failed to confirm these findings, suggesting that acupuncture points need to be clearly defined and that the procedure itself requires special knowledge to perform (El-Rakshy, 2009). While the need for such techniques are decidedly relevant in scenarios with considerable tissue damage such as conventional laparo to my, it seems appropriate to consider their use in laparoscopic surgery as well. The overall efficacy of local anaesthetic infiltration around the surgical Hysterec to my: Advances in Perioperative Care 235 wound is not entirely convincing. Due to the enhanced blood flow caused by inflammation, instilled drugs are washed out very quickly. The placement of the catheter, however, is important and must be situated above the fascia to have any effect (Hafizoglu, 2008; Perniola, 2009). The physiological reason is perfectly straightforward, since most pain-conducting nerves are located in this area. The block has evolved from an abdominal wall block administered blindly and based on ana to mical landmarks to an ultrasound guided block, where the spread of the injectate can be seen to be deposited in the right compartment; i. Recently, the block has been refined and described in more detail when the aim of various studies was to expand and ensure the analgesic efficacy of the block to cover the entire abdominal wall (Th6-Th12(L1)) (Hebbard, 2010; Borglum, 2011). An internet search provided proof to this matter, since novel studies registered on ClinicalTrials. An ana to mically more caudal, but equally effective block option is bilateral ilioinguinal nerve block (Oriola, 2007). Thus, it seems straightforward to include any of these blocks in a multimodal analgesic regime. Even to this day, they are also among the most common after any kind of hysterec to my. Antiemetics may also with advantage be added to patient-controlled analgesia infu sions (Boonmak, 2007). The specific type of antiemetic is less important and should be guided by the desired effect and potential side effects (Bilgin, 2010). Benzodiazepines Propofol Chlorpromazine Antihistamines Droperidol, haloperidol Me to clopramide Dexamethasone Sero to nine antagonists Ephedrine Effective pain management P6 acupressure Table 3. Prevention is of key importance, since major breakthroughs in treatment have not yet emerged. In spite of an enormous amount of literature dealing with the prevention, pathophysiology and treatment of chronic pain, we are still at the very beginning of our understanding. Every effort should therefore be directed at minimally invasive surgical techniques. Persistent nerve damage resulting from epidural, spinal or regional anaesthesia is exceedingly rare and occurs in the order of 1:5000. Transient nerve damage (neuropraxia) Hysterec to my: Advances in Perioperative Care 237 lasting weeks to months is more common following regional anaesthesia, but the incidence is largely unknown. Nerve damage resulting from inadequate positioning during surgery in the litho to my position, for instance, may be prevented by soft padding, frequent movement during surgery, and continuous moni to ring of vascular supply by pulse oximetry. Brachial plexus damage may occur if arms are hyperextended from the axis of the body in steep Trendelenburg positioning (Ben-David, 1997). The pro to col included optimized information, well defined anaesthesia and fluid therapy, early mobilization, early food intake and the concept of multimodal pain treatment. The idea was to combine several modalities of analgesic techniques, systemic to neuraxial, in order to harvest tbe benefits of synergistic effects. Using these concepts, the authors were even then able to optimize length of stay in abdominal hysterec to my to approximate that of laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterec to my, which strongly suggests that 1) the concept works, and that 2) benefits from randomized trials were until then not adequately transformed and utilized in clinical practice. Patients were simply not asked to get out of bed and take care of themselves, in spite of several well-meaning treatments and preventive measures that should facilitate ambulation and self-sufficiency. While the concept of fast-track pro to cols have continued to expand in recent years, there are however limits to the number of complaints that can be prevented by this paradigm. The patency of the epidural was a key issue, and failed epidurals or patients not wishing/having epidurals were at particularly high risk of complaints. Inadequate pain treatment was the principal fac to r responsible for prolonged stay in the postanaesthesia care unit, causing increased opioid demands, nausea, dependency on oxygen supply, and sedation. Recent studies rightfully discuss the optimal surgical and anaesthetic techniques, but there are no clear answers (Sarmini, 2005; Abdelmonem, 2006; Wodlin, 2011). A similar fast-track study seems to imply that to tal intravenous anaesthesia may be superior to inhalational anaesthesia by reducing nausea, length of hospital stay, and duration of an indwelling urinary catheter (Kroon, 238 Hysterec to my 2010). The case for early urinary catheter removal, however, is offset by an increased risk of urinary retention episodes requiring re-catheterisation (Chai, 2011). Optimal logistics in the surgical suite, short durations of surgery, few necessary interventions or short length of stay in the postanaesthesia care unit are pivotal issues for increasing the number of surgeries that can be performed in a day. In the surgical ward, severity of activity-limiting and treatment necessary complaints determine, besides surgical complications, the degree of observation and the level of competency that needs to be present, and ultimately the length of hospital stay. This length of stay in turn determines which days elective patients can be scheduled for surgery (typically monday through wednesday), so that only residual problems persist in the weekend and a clean slate of patients can be admitted the following monday (Roumm, 2005). Day surgery may be placed in the extreme end of the spectrum, facilitating quick patient flow, fewer overnight beds and lower costs (Levy, 2005), while complicated (acute, laparo to mic) surgery may be placed in the other end. Complicated cases puts pressure on staff competency, individual solutions and across-department collabo rations. It is for these very reasons that medical technology assessments are important in determining the true logistical value of new anaesthetic or surgical techniques, because each new intervention affects the entire system of people and work descriptions in the surgical food chain. In a wider perspective, the cost for the society may not be reflected in the immediate hospital costs. Conclusions From the to pics discussed above, several unmet patient needs and clear avenues of research still need to be pursued; even though multimodal, evidence-based treatment regimens are conducted efficiently and in detail, many patients still suffer from unacceptable pos to pera tive complaints. The reasons are complex and include definite limitations in the current potentials of anaesthesia and surgery, stress response, variability among patients in psycho logical or genetic disposition, and downright treatment failures or withdrawals because of unacceptable side effects. Pharmacologically, new drugs have not lived up to their potential to facilitate opioid-free analgesia. Recent advances in local anaesthetic techniques such as the transverse abdominis plane block may help solve this problem, but we are still in want of a magic bullet to alleviate nausea, dizziness, exhaustion and failed ambulation. From a patient perspective, Hysterec to my: Advances in Perioperative Care 239 there is a need for adequate information to properly balance expectations and coping strategies, and a need for focused pos to perative follow-up, since people are nowadays discharged early with health complaints and limitations in activities of daily living persisting for weeks or even months after surgery. A useful method for transferring procedure-specific evidence from controlled studies in to the very real and heterogeneous world of uncontrolled patients and health care professionals is also highly welcomed. Observational comparison of abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic hysterec to my as performed at a university teaching hospital. Preemptive analgesic effects of intravenous paracetamol in to tal abdominal hysterec to my. Agri 2009; 21: 54-61 Aziz A, bergquist C, Brannstrom M, Nordholm L, Silfvers to lpe G. Differences in aspects of personality and sexuality between perimenopausal women making different choices regarding prophylactic oophorec to my at elective hysterec to my. Cost comparison among robotic, laparoscopic, and open hysterec to my for endometrial cancer. Effects of preemptive analgesia on pain and cy to kine production in the pos to perative period. Epidural bu to rphanol-bupivacaine analgesia for pos to perative pain relief after abdominal hysterec to my. A comparative study of the anti emetic efficacy of dexamethasone, ondansetron, and me to clopramide in patients undergoing gynecological surgery. Intravenous lidocaine does not reduce length of hospital stay following abdominal hysterec to my. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57: 759-66 240 Hysterec to my Borglum J, Maschmann C, Belhage B, Jensen K. Ultrasound-guided bilateral dual trans versus abdominis plane block: a new four-point approach. Acta Anaesth Scand 2011; 55: 658-663 Candiani M, Izzo S, Bulfoni A, Riparini J, Ronzoni S, Marconi A. The transversus abdominis plane block provides effective pos to perative analgesia in patients undergoing to tal abdo minal hysterec to my. Effect of pre-operative anxiolysis on pos to perative pain response in patients undergoing to tal abdominal hysterec to my. Preoperative anxiolytic effect of mela to nin and clo nidine on pos to perative pain and morphine in patients undergoing abdominal hys terec to my. Preoperative predic to rs of moderate to intense acute pos to perative pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The clinical impact of preoperative mela to nin on pos to perative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterec to my. A prospective randomized trial to compare immediate and 24-hour delayed catheter removal following to tal abdominal hysterec to my. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 478-82 Charoenkwan K, Phillipson G, Vutyavanich T. Early versus delayed (traditional) oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery. A controlled trial of psycho-educational interventions in preparing Chinese women for elective hysterec to my. The effect of promethazine on pos to perative pain: a comparison of preoperative, pos to perative, and placebo administration in patients following to tal abdominal hysterec to my. Human opioid recep to r A118G polymorphism affects intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine con sumption after to tal abdominal hysterec to my. The prophylactic effect of haloperidol plus dexamethasone on pos to perative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterec to my. Quality of life studies in unselected gynaecological outpatients and inpatients before and after hysterec to my. J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 22: 523-6 Hysterec to my: Advances in Perioperative Care 241 Demirbilek S, Ganidagli S, Aksoy N, Becerik C, Baysal Z. Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction. Mechanisms of pos to perative pain: clinical indica tions for a contribution of central neuronal sensitization. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 1591-6 Durmus M, Kadir But A, Saricicek V, Ilksen Toprak H. The post-operative analgesic effects of a combination of gabapentin and paracetamol in patients undergoing abdominal hysterec to my: a randomized clinical trial. Randomised controlled trial of the effect of oral premedication with dexamethasone on hyper glycaemic response to abdominal hysterec to my. Effect of intraoperative electroacupuncture on pos to perative pain, analgesic requirements, nausea and sedation: a randomised controlled trial. Midazolam as an antiemetic in patients recei ving epidural morphine for pos to perative pain relief. A randomized trial comparing changes in psychological well-being and sexuality after laparoscopic and abdomi nal hysterec to my. A randomized trial comparing changes in sexual health and psychological well-being after sub to tal and to tal hysterec to mies. Dexmede to midine and pos to perative shivering in patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterec to my. Pre-incisional epidural magnesium provides pre-emptive and preventive anal gesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterec to my. Pos to perative pain and analgesic requirements after anesthesia with sevoflurane, desflurane or propofol. The psychosocial outcomes of to tal and sub to tal hysterec to my: a randomized controlled trial. P6 acustimulation effectively decreases pos to pe rative nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the antiemetic effects of midazolam on pos to perative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Society for Ambula to ry Anesthesia guidelines for the management of pos to perative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1615-28 Garry R, Fountain J, Brown J, Manca A, Mason S, Sculpher M, Napp V, Bridgman S, Gray J, Lilford R. Health Technol Assess 2004; 8: 1-154 Ghezzi F, Uccella S, Cromi A, Sies to G, Serati M, Bogani G, Bolis P. Pos to perative pain after laparoscopic and vaginal hysterec to my for benign gynecologic disease: a rando mized trial. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of perioperative administration of gabapentin, rofecoxib and their combination for spontaneous and movement-evoked pain after abdominal hys terec to my.

Patients of estradiol recep to rs or interference with the often complain of pain secondary to release of heparin or angiogenic fac to rs from compression hair loss 6 weeks pregnant discount 1mg finpecia free shipping. This lesion is associated with a contain tissue elements derived from all three 30 per cent recurrence rate following appro germinal layers hair loss in men hair purchase finpecia 1mg fast delivery. It may there may be associated pulmonary atelectasis be seen in stillborn children and rarely or collapse hair loss in men gift buy generic finpecia 1mg on line. An in utero generally of mixed echogenecity and usually diagnosis can be made on ultrasound when a can be differentiated from a cystic hygroma hair loss no more buy finpecia 1 mg with mastercard, cervical mass is demonstrated that is of mixed which appears as a multilocular cyst with echogenicity and displaces the trachea possible mediastinal extension hair loss cure september 2012 discount finpecia 1mg line, or from a posteriorly hair loss cure 2013 loreal finpecia 1 mg amex. Patients do not seem to have an increased hygroma, but this mass typically presents as incidence of other congenital anomalies, but a multiloculated, non calcified, cystic mass. The differential partially cystic, having a variegated appear diagnosis is broad and includes cystic ance on cut section. Microscopically, the hygromas, branchial cysts, cavernous lesions are composed of a mixture of mature haemangiomas, thyroglossal duct cysts, elements derived from ec to derm, mesoderm, laryngoceles, goitres, desmoid tumours, and and endoderm and of immature or embryonic lipomas. They Once the diagnosis of a cervical tera to ma cause symp to ms secondary to pressure, and is made, surgical excision is manda to ry to this frequently results in upper airway prevent upper airway obstruction or pulmo compression and obstruction, patients may nary compromise. Without intervention, most present with stridor, cyanosis and possible patients die. In addition, there may be dysphagia survive long enough to undergo surgery, there secondary to oesophageal compression. Plain is a mortality rate associated with the neck radiographs reveal a soft tissue mass that condition. In severe cases Mumps is caused by the mumps virus which the causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Complications Orchitis, pancreatitis and encephalitis are the usual complications. Treatment Isolation, care of oral hygiene and symp to matic treatment is instituted. Clinical Features Parotid Calculus There is a painful swelling on the side of face. Treatment involves cleaning the mouth cor rection of dehydration and administration of Treatment antibiotics. If the made down to the capsule of the gland as used calculus is deeply placed within the par to id for parotidec to my. The skin is reflected tissue, the gland is exposed and calculus is anteriorly to expose the surface of the gland. If multiple s to nes are present is closed with interrupted sutures and superficial lobec to my should be done. The tumours of the parotids are of the follow Chronic Parotitis ing types: Chronic parotitis is more common than acute 1. Sialography reveals sialectasis, calculus, or the mixed parotid tumour is the most com stenosis of the duct. Although benign for a such as 1 per cent mercurochrome or tetra varying period it acquires characteristics of 276 Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases pseudocartilaginous and epithelial elements in varying proportions. Surgery is the treatment of choice and various surgical procedures are the following: 1. Superficial parotidec to my with preser vation of the facial nerve is done for most of tumours when i. As recurrence is very common following local excision only, superficial parotidec to my is now recommended as the treat ment of choice even if the tumour is small in size. Total parotidec to my with or without block dissection of neck for malignant lesions of the parotid. In such cases on eating, the cheek becomes red, hot and pain malignancy and invades the pterygoid fossa ful followed by perspiration appearing upon and upper part of neck. This is due to the fact that when the nerve has been damaged, the Pathology axis cylinders conveying secre to ry impulses It is a salivary adenoma with a pleomorphic grow down the sheaths of cutaneous elements stroma containing fibrous, myxoma to us, of the nerve. In this way the stimulus intended Salivary Glands 277 for saliva production causes cutaneous hyperaesthesia and sweating. These salivary gland duct (X-ray floor of mouth) calculi consist of phosphates of calcium and magnesium. An incision Indications is then made in the long axis of the duct and the s to ne slips out. Subacute and chronic infections, the degree Mixed tumours of the submandibular salivary of damage to the ducts and glands can be gland are comparatively rare. The extent of involvement of the gland by submandibular gland can be excised in to to a neoplasm can be assessed. To know the site of communication of the fistula with the duct which helps in planning treatment. It may follow an attack of common cold and may be a feature of other infections like measles, chickenpox or influenza. Acute inflamma to ry lesions of the pharynx may develop after trauma by a foreign body or after instrumentation. Examination reveals diffuse congestion of the pharyngeal wall, uvula and the condition caused by Corynebacterium adjacent faucial tissues. Depending upon the diphtheriae is associated with membrane severity of infection, there may be oedema of formation on the faucial to nsils. The memb the lining mucosa and uvula and enlargement rane is greyish white and extends to the uvula of the glands of the neck. It cannot be easily removed Treatment consists of bed rest, analgesics and on removal leaves a raw bleeding surface and antibiotics preferably penicillin or (Fig. Palatal and peripheral Various diseases, local or systemic, are asso nerve paralysis and myocarditis are the ciated with membrane formation in the complications that can occur up to the second pharynx. The blood picture shows leucocy to sis this condition is characterised by an ulcera and relative increase in lymphocytes. The lesions are covered by a slough, which may extend to the adjacent pharyngeal Moniliasis (Thrush) tissues and gums. There It is a fungal infection of the mouth due to occurs a characteristic fishy odour. The lesions appear as white logical studies reveal a fusiform bacillus and or greyish white patches on the oropharyngeal spirochaete (Spirochaeta denticola). Treatment consists of local applica Agranulocy to sis tion of 1 per cent gentian voilet or nystatin in glycerine, besides good nursing. Chronic inflammation of the pharynx may be the patient presents with a his to ry of sore due to nonspecific or specific lesions. Chronic Non-specific Pharyngitis Diagnosis is confirmed by the blood picture which shows marked reduction in neutro Various aetiological fac to rs in the nose or oral phils. Treatment is withdrawal of the drugs cavity may produce secondary effects in the offending and prescription of heavy doses of pharynx. Similarly obstructive lesions in the Acute lymphocytic leukaemia may sometimes nose like deflected septum, nasal polypi and present as oropharyngeal ulcerations with adenoids lead to a habit of mouth breathing membrane formation. Diagnosis is made from which is an important predisposing cause of the blood picture. Caries of the teeth and infected gums may also Infectious Mononucleosis lead to pharyngeal infection. External It is viral disease which may sometimes be conditions may play an important role in associated with oral lesions. People working in dusty atmos be swollen and there may occur inflamma to ry phere and smokers are the usual victims. Clinical Features Chronic Atrophic Pharyngitis the most constant symp to m is discomfort in the atrophic changes in the pharynx usually the throat with a foreign body sensation. Diffuse congestion of the pharyngeal wall the main symp to m is dryness of the throat may be seen and prominent vessels are seen which causes great discomfort. This type of the presence of crusts may cause a coughing pharyngitis is called chronic catarrhal pharyn and hawking sensation. Sometimes the chronic infection results a dry glazed appearance of the mucosa, in hypertrophy of lymph nodules on the sometimes covered with crusts. This form Treatment of pharyngitis usually occurs in persons who Local alkaline gargles or spraying help in the use their voice excessively, particularly when removal of crusts. Nasal condition should be the voice production is faulty like clergymen properly attended to . However, the It is a condition of unknown aetiology which symp to ms can be alleviated to a greater extent. Such patients are usually hypertrophy and keratinisation of the in the habit of making frequent swallowing superficial epithelium. There is no should be forbidden as such attempts at surrounding erythema and no constitutional clearing the throat or hawking only add to the symp to ms except mild discomfort. Cough suppressants like codeine There is no specific treatment of this phosphate linctus should be given to relieve condition, it may subside within a few months. In tertiary syphilis, the gumma may some times be a presenting feature on the fauces, palate and pharynx. Lupus Vulgaris Clinical Features Lupus of the nose may extend posteriorly to involve the pharynx, soft palate and fauces. Difficulty in nasal breathing, altered voice Tubercles appear on the pharyngeal mucosa (rhinolalia clausa or muffled speech) and which break down with subsequent cicatri dysphagia are the main symp to ms. Treatment Syphilis Treatment is dilatation with bougies or the pharynx is usually involved in the surgical division of the adhesions and secondary stage of syphilis. When to nsils are respira to ry and alimentary tracts from inflamed as a result of generalised infection bacterial invasion and are thus prone to of the oropharyngeal mucosa, the condition frequent attacks of infection. Sometimes exudation Aetiology It may occur as a primary infection of the to nsil itself or may secondarily occur as a result of infection of the upper respira to ry tract usually following viral infections. Common causative bacteria include hae molytic Strep to coccus, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and Pneumococcus. Poor orodental hygiene, poor nutrition and congested surroundings are important predisposing fac to rs for the disease. Pathology the process of inflammation originat ing within the to nsil is accompanied by Fig. Acute otitis media: Infection from the to nsil whole to nsil is uniformly congested and may extend to the eustachian tube and swollen, it is called acute parenchyma to us result in acute infection of the middle ear. Acute nephritis and rheumatic fever are the other complications of strep to coccal Clinical Features to nsillitis. On examination the are usually the result of recurrent acute patient is febrile and has tachycardia. Recurrent to nsils appear swollen, congested with exu infections lead to development of minute date in the crypts. The most common and the most important cause of recurrent infection of the to nsils is Treatment persistent or recurrent infection of the nose General management of the patient includes and paranasal sinuses. Anal discharge which then infects the to nsils as gesics are given to relieve pain and fever. Erythromycin and ampi Symp to ms include discomfort in the throat, cillin may be needed for resistant cases. Chronic to nsillitis: Repeated attacks of acute swallowing and change in the voice. On to nsillitis result in chronic inflamma to ry examination, the to nsils may appear hyper changes in the to nsils. Peri to nsillar abscess: Spread of infection these are diffusely congested, mouths of from the to nsil to the para to nsillar tissues crypts appear open from which epithelial results in development of abscess between debris may be squeezed on pressure. Parapharyngeal abscess: Infection from the symp to ms of sore throat and dysphagia are to nsil or peri to nsillar tissue may involve associated with small fibrotic to nsils (chronic Tonsillitis 285 fibrotic to nsillitis). The jugulodigastric lymph nodes is an important causative fac to rs are usually the same as for sign of to nsillar infection. On examination, movements of the repeated attacks of sore throat or acute to ngue are painful and the to ngue base is to nsillitis, associated with symp to ms of dys tender on palpation. Antibiotics, usually penicillin or erythromy cin are prescribed in association with Treatment analgesics. As already mentioned, infections of the nose the condition if untreated may lead to and paranasal sinuses forms the most impor oedema of the epiglottis and larynx or suppu tant fac to r leading to chronic or recurrent ration may occur (lingual quinsy). Most patients respond to medical treatment If the above measures fail and the patient of avoiding irritant foods, and application of continues to have recurrent attacks of local paints. However to nsillec to my may 286 Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases be indicated in certain cases.

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