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Nenad Bursac, PhD

  • Professor of Biomedical Engineering
  • Associate Professor in Medicine
  • Professor in Cell Biology
  • Member of the Duke Cancer Institute
  • Co-Director of the Regeneration Next Initiative

https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/nenad-bursac-phd

Practice Note If an advanced airway is in place acne extraction dermatologist purchase cleocin gel cheap, one provider delivers 1 ventilation every 6 seconds acne 5 year old purchase cleocin gel australia. At the same time skin care hospitals in hyderabad purchase cleocin gel without a prescription, a second provider performs compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute acne face mask generic cleocin gel 20gm with visa. In this case skin care natural remedies buy discount cleocin gel 20 gm on line, the compression-to ventilation ratio of 30:2 does not apply because compressions and ventilations are delivered continuously with no interruptions skin care qualifications order generic cleocin gel canada. Practice Note the sequence of these steps is not critical if all goals are accomplished. If you are alone and do not have a mobile phone or other form of communication, you must decide to call frst or care frst. Open the airway to a slightly past-neutral position for a child or to a neutral position for an infant, using the head tilt/chin-lift technique; or use the modifed jaw-thrust maneuver if you a suspect head, neck or spinal injury. Practice Note Signs of poor perfusion in a child or infant include cool, moist skin; pallor, mottling or cyanosis; a weak or thready pulse; decreased capillary refll; and hypotension. Cardiac arrest If the patient is unresponsive, not breathing normally (or only gasping) and has no pulse, they are in cardiac arrest. Seal the pocket mask and simultaneously open the airway to a slightly past-neutral position for children or a neutral position for infants using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique. Or, use the modifed jaw-thrust maneuver if a head, neck or spinal injury is suspected. Using the encircling thumbs technique, the compressor compresses the chest to a depth of about 1? Or, they use the modifed jaw-thrust maneuver if a head, neck or spinal injury is suspected. Practice Note If an advanced airway is in place, one provider delivers 1 ventilation every 6-8 seconds. At the same time, a second provider performs compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute. In this case, the compression-to-ventilation ratio of 15:2 does not apply because compressions and ventilations are delivered continuously with no interruptions. Calling for additional Leave to call for Witnessed sudden Witnessed sudden resources: If alone and no additional resources. Do Age > 8 years, weight > Use pediatric pads or not use pediatric pads 55 pounds (25 kg): Use setting. Do not if pediatric pads or setting delivered will not be use pediatric pads are not available. Abdominal thrusts Inward and upward thrusts just above the navel to force Capnography an object out of the airway when a person is choking. A patient who is not and underarm hair development in boys?usually around breathing normally (or only gasping) and has no pulse is the age of 12) through adulthood. Airway obstruction Blockage within the airway that can prevent inhalation or Chest recoil ventilation. Return of the chest to the expanded position after a compression, which allows blood to fow back into the heart. Assess, Recognize and Care Concept A systematic, continuous approach for quick and Chest thrusts accurate assessment, rapid recognition and immediate Inward thrusts into the chest (while pulling straight back care in emergency situations. Back blows Blows between the scapulae to force an object out of Closed-loop communication the airway when a person is choking. A handheld device used to ventilate a patient through the delivery of ambient air, thereby providing a 20% to Compression-to-ventilation ratio 21% concentration of oxygen. Asking a responsive person (or the parent or guardian of a minor) for permission to help before giving care. Duty to act Opioid overdose triad the duty to respond to an emergency and provide care. A method for recognizing the signs and symptoms of Failure to fulfll this duty could result in legal action. The region of the pharynx that extends from the hard Feedback devices palate to the level of the hyoid bone and is located Technology, ranging from apps to self-contained posterior to the oral cavity. Rapid assessment Standard precautions the initial hands-on evaluation of a patient in an Safety measures to prevent disease transmission based emergency situation; includes performing a quick on the assumption that all body fuids may be infectious. A team of highly trained and skilled personnel who work together to care for a patient when signs of Teamwork cardiopulmonary compromise or shock are noted. The actions of a group of people with well-defned roles and responsibilities making a coordinated effort to Recovery position achieve a common goal. A body position used to help maintain a clear airway in an unresponsive patient who is uninjured and breathing Venous return normally. Refusal of care must includes checking your surroundings for safety, gathering be honored, even if the patient is seriously injured or ill or an initial impression (including whether there is severe, desperately needs assistance. A patient Work practice controls who is not breathing normally (or only gasping) but has a Methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an pulse is in respiratory arrest. Scope of practice the range of duties and skills you have acquired in training that you are authorized to perform by your certifcation to practice. Effects of team coordination during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review of the literature. Part 14: education: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Part 4: systems of care and continuous quality improvement: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Occupational safety and health standards: toxic and hazardous substances: bloodborne pathogens. Management of occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodefciency virus. Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 15: frst aid: 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross guidelines update for frst aid. Part 11: pediatric basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Excessive chest compression rate is associated with insuffcient compression depth in prehospital cardiac arrest. Part 8: education, implementation, and teams: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Part 13: pediatric basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 12: education, implementation, and teams: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 9: post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defbrillators, defbrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 3: ethical issues: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 4: systems of care and continuous quality improvement: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Capnography in the emergency department: a review of uses, waveforms, and limitations. Part 13: pediatric basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The pediatric assessment triangle: a novel approach for the rapid evaluation of children. Part 6: pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Part 11: Pediatric basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 8: education, implementation, and teams: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 14: pediatric advanced life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 5: electrical therapies: automated external defbrillators, defbrillation, cardioversion, and pacing. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 3: Ethical Issues: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defbrillators, defbrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Part 13: pediatric basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 5: Adult basic life support: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 5: Adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Patient characteristics of opioid-related inpatient stays and emergency department visits nationally and by state, 2014: statistical brief no. Understanding heroin overdose: a study of the acute respiratory depressant effects of injected pharmaceutical heroin. Part 10: special circumstances of resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 3: ethical issues: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Cardiac arrest, 12, 14?15, 18?19, 20b, 73, 95 automated external defbrillator and, 24, 25 Abandonment, 76t, 95 in children and infants, 38, 41, 43, 46 Abdominal thrusts, 62?63, 95 in-hospital, 14?15 Adolescent, defnition of, 38, 95 myocardial infarction vs. See Emergency medical services system Encircling thumbs technique, 43 Pregnant patient Endotracheal tube, 23 automated external defbrillators and, 25 Engineering controls, 78 airway obstruction, alternate techniques for, 63 Equipment cleaning, 78 Problem solving, 2, 97 Exposure incidents, 78 Pulse check for an adult, 11 Family, communication with, 3 for a child, 41 Feedback devices, 29, 96 for an infant, 41 Femoral pulse check, 85, 92 Finger sweep, 64, 96 Rapid assessment, 8, 11, 39?41, 97 skill sheet for adults, 16 Hand hygiene, 78, 96 skill sheet for children and infants, 48?49 Head-tilt/chin-lift technique, 10 Rapid response team, 4, 12, 14, 40, 97 for adults, 11 Recovery position, 12b, 42b, 97 for child, 41 Refusal of care, 76t, 97 for infant, 41 Respiratory arrest, 12, 97 Heart attack, 12, 13, 96 in child or infant, 46 See also Myocardial infarction in opioid overdose, 73 High-performance resuscitation team, 26?27, 96 Resuscitation. See ventricular tachycardia Venous return, 97 Ventilations for adults, 19?23 for children and infants, 43?44 Ventricular fbrillation (V-fb) automated external defbrillator and, 23 Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) automated external defbrillator and, 23 Visual survey, 8, 10, 97 Women, signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction in, 13b Work practice controls, 78, 97 Index | 109 We?re bringing help and hope to millions thanks to the commitment of people like you. Through our strong network of volunteers, donors and partners, we?re always there in times of need. Here are 4 ways you can be part of our mission: 1 2 3 4 Make a Give blood Take, teach Volunteer fnancial or host a or host your time donation blood drive a class and talent Change lives with your Whether a patient receives Explore the many ways Volunteers carry out more fnancial gift to the whole blood, red cells, platelets to expand your training, than 90% of our Red Cross. Make a personal or plasma, this lifesaving care become a Red Cross Instructor, humanitarian work and donation or explore other always starts with a blood or host classes to help experience enormous ways to give. Behind every course stands a team of experts ensuring what is taught is based on the latest science and best in emergency response. This team, known as the American Red Cross Scientifc Advisory Council, is a panel of 50+ nationally recognized experts from a variety of scientifc, medical and academic disciplines. With members from a broad range of professional specialties, the Council has an important advantage: a broad, multidisciplinary expertise in evaluating new emergency response techniques, along with a rigorous review process. Additionally, with on-the-ground experience, its members bring the know-how for real-world emergencies.

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Proposed or promising approaches include the following: Raise awareness about the difference between cardiac arrest and heart attack acne 2016 order generic cleocin gel from india. Dispell common myths that cause bystanders to delay intervening in sudden cardiac arrest acne boots effective 20 gm cleocin gel. You doubt that he has an acute cardiac syndrome but Peer Reviewers decide to err on the conservative side and admit him to your observation unit skin care 10 year old cheap 20gm cleocin gel otc. When the crash cart fnally arrives skin care with retinol 20gm cleocin gel with amex, you note the Upon completion of this article acne and dairy cleocin gel 20gm on line, you should be able to: 1 skin care face discount 20 gm cleocin gel with mastercard. Identify the signifcant changes in the 2005 American new biphasic defbrillator and wonder what voltage to start at and if you should Heart Association guidelines. Examine the evidence which prompted changes to the American Heart Association guidelines. Indicate future therapies that may impact outcomes there is more that you?re unsure of than you would like to admit. Richardson report no signifcant fnancial interest or other relationship with the manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) discussed in this educational presentation. Commercial Support: Emergency Medicine Practice does not accept any commercial support. However, over the past 15 years an tional Consensus Conference on Cardiopulmonary increasing number of evidence-based management Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care strategies were put into practice, as refected by the Science with Treatment recommendations. Class Critical Appraisal Of the Literature Indeterminate are therapies for which further research is required. Search terms the recommendation should be addressed in a clinical included sudden cardiac death, cardiac arrest, decision making note on the chart. Ab stracts were reviewed, and 120 articles were identi Sudden cardiac death accounts for 300,000 to 400,000 deaths every year in the United States. Class Indeterminate Conditions for which there is Insuffcient research, continuing area of research, or no recommendation until further research. These diseases include aortic stenosis, lation is the most effective treatment for cardiac congenital heart disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White arrest. Acute insults including hy global ischemic injury, where therapeutic strategies that focus on metabolic derangements are critical. In another study identifed 406 cardiac arrest patients out of 5831 rescue with a cohort of 783 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest missions. In 72% of the cardiac arrest patients, events subjects, 22% presented with an initial rhythm of occurred at home. A Confuence Of Risk Factors Act Together To Produce Sudden Cardiac Death Figure 2. People with risk factors for coronary artery disease are at phase = 4 to 10 minutes, and metabolic phase > 10 minutes (based high risk for sudden cardiac death. It can be treated with infusion of However, almost half of the patients will present with digoxin Fab fragments. Bedside sonography when immediately available is increas Tension pneumothorax may occur in a patient ingly used by trained emergency physicians to check with a history of emphysema and chest wall trauma. Hyper dromes and pulmonary embolism are suspected, they should be ruled out after resuscitation. If hyperkalemia is detected cardiac arrest be considered for emergent percuta prior to cardiac arrest, calcium gluconate, 10 mL in neous coronary intervention if another etiology is not obvious. Factors associated with improved outcomes in cardiac arrest are listed in Table 3. Contributing Causes Of Cardiac Etiology Frequency Arrest Coronary Artery Disease Approximately 80% Acute Coronary Syndrome the 6 Hs the 5 Ts Chronic Myocardial Scar Hypovolemia Toxins Cardiomyopathies Approximately Hypoxia Tamponade, cardiac Dilated Cardiomyopathies 10% to 15% Hydrogen ion (acidosis) Tension, pneumothorax Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia Thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary) Uncommon Causes < 5% Hypothermia Trauma Valvular/Congenital Heart Disease Hypoglycemia Myocarditis, Genetic Ion-Channel Abnormalities, etc. Adapted from 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardio Adapted and modifed from Myerberg et al. During the resuscita experimental animal model and a prospective obser tive effort and after the patient is stabilized, the under vational study provided support that interruptions lying etiologies should be continuously explored. The chest is compressed at the center of the nipple diocerebral resuscitation in victims of out-of-hospital 21 cardiac arrest with initially shockable rhythms. Effec tive chest compressions are necessary to maintain ad At the very least, a body of evidence supports equate coronary perfusion (Class I). Stiell et al reported compressions and ventilations and the best compression the threefold higher survival rate of 2. Animal models have demonstrated that inter was delivered within 3 minutes as opposed to 49% ruptions to chest compressions lead to decreased survival rate when defbrillation was delivered after 22, 23 3 minutes of downtime (P = 0. In a clinical observational study, Aufderheide et the Swedish cardiac arrest registry demonstrated a al demonstrated an average ventilation rate of 30 17. Studies have patients, White et al reported a mean time to shock demonstrated that the protocol using 3 stacked shocks interval of 5. If an organized rhythm is seen, then the pulse the second group receiving immediate defbrillation. Endotracheal drugs should only be Carpenter J et al Resuscitation 2003 administered if no intravenous access is available. This results in the Nonetheless, if presenting rhythms were considered, effective redistribution of blood fow from visceral asystolic patients in the vasopressin group showed a organs to the heart and brain. Patients in the appropriate dosing regimen of epinephrine has asystole who received additional epinephrine along been subject to some controversy, with experimental with vasopressin showed a higher rate of hospital data in animal models showing beneft for higher doses. A retrospective analysis of 298 as well as in short-term and long-term survival rates. In fact, the high to prefer vasopressin over epinephrine, and further dose group had a higher in-hospital mortality rate dur trials need to be conducted to further defne the role of ing the frst 24 hours. There was no statistically signif vasopressin, particularly in asystolic cardiac arrest. Atropine longer half-life than epinephrine, approximately is an acetylcholine receptor antagonist of the 20 minutes, and has the ability to act in an acidic muscarinic type. In contrast to support this indication is very limited, and there are to lidocaine, effcacy of amiodarone to convert no randomized trials to support it. Amiodarone showed a higher rate of care include optimization of hemodynamic, respiratory, successful resuscitation and admission to hospital and neurologic support as well as identifcation and than placebo, odds ratio 1. The lidocaine group had a higher to ventricular fbrillation is a promising therapy incidence of asystole after defbrillation, following that can be instituted in the intensive care unit. Core temperature should be monitored continu Lidocaine may increase the incidence of asystole in ously and the patient can be externally cooled for 12 cardiac arrest due to ventricular arrhythmias. Thus, hyperthermia should 78, 79 be treated promptly during post-resuscitative care. Avoidance Of Hyperthermia Control of Blood Glucose Levels Hyperthermia after successful resuscitation in cardiac There is no specifc evidence suggesting that arrest is associated with poor outcomes. Failure to comply with this pathway does not represent a breach of the standard of care. Adapted and modifed from 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 7. Blood glucose levels of Cardiocerebral Resuscitation cardiac arrest patients in intensive care units should In the past few years, there has been increasing evi be monitored every 1 to 4 hours, and elevated dence for a paradigm shift in resuscitation science, blood glucose levels may be treated with an insulin which is the implementation of cardiocerebral resus infusion (Class Indeterminate). Cardio cerebral resuscitation is the protocol of continuous Future Therapies chest compressions without any interruptions for ventilation. Even hospital will ensure timely arrival of trained trained health care professionals can hyperven personnel and a defbrillator. Hyperventila begin immediately after the activation of the tion may actually be harmful to the patient by emergency response system. This if you suspect that the duration of cardiac recommendation is not for lay people and is arrest is longer than 4 to 5 minutes. Be careful not duration of cardiac arrest is greater than 4 to take too long to check for carotid pulse. Chest compression rates should be 100 per Hearts that are well perfused are more likely minute with avoidance of interruptions, which to respond to a defbrillatory shock. Rescuers performing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation must resume chest compressions should be frequently rotated. There is no evidence that antiarrhythmic drug to show potential beneft central venous access is superior to peripheral in randomized clinical trials in the setting venous access in terms of outcomes. Lidocaine eral venous access should be attempted frst as should not be used as a frst-line agent. In such ter quality of chest compressions, leading to more cases, cardiac arrest victims do not receive adequate continuous perfusion of the heart and the brain. Induced hypothermia has the potential to pulmonary resuscitation must be performed with a play a critical role in the post-resuscitative care of compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2, with mini a small subset of cardiac arrest victims. Increased mal interruptions, and delivery of rescue breaths awareness about and induction of therapeutic hypo taking no more than 1 second. Educating cardiovascular gency cardiovascular care: review of the current guidelines. Therapeutic hypothermia is surveillance versus retrospective death certifcate-based review effective in a select subset of cardiac arrest patients. Angiographic fndings and prognostic indicators in patients resuscitated from and ventilation), the patient received his frst shock. Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of tion. Use of automated, load-distributing band chest com pression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. Changing coronary intervention to the left anterior descending epicar incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fbrillation, 1980-2000. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the was not deemed to be a candidate for induced hypothermia. Evidence-based medicine requires a critical ap (Prospective, 84 patients) praisal of the literature based upon study methodol 21. Not all references are nary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 4: adult basic life support. The fndings of a large, prospective, (Consensus statement, guidelines) randomized, and blinded trial should carry more 22. Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary 1. Cardiopulmonary resuscita resuscitation for ventricular fbrillation cardiac arrest. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J dial compressions on the calculated probability of defbrilla biphasic shocks compared with 200-J to 360-J monophasic shocks tion success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Single-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation: resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular two quick breaths an oxymoron. Cardiocerebral resuscitation nary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care, part 5: improves survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Public access survival in a multicenter basic life support /defbrillation sys defbrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Outcomes of rapid defbrillation by security offcers improved in-hospital resuscitation effcacy. Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac ar of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in rest. Evolution of a community ferences after peripheral venous, central venous, and intracardiac wide early defbrillation program experience over 13 years using injections. Infuence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation 6 patients) prior to defbrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular 53. Emer administration during out-of-hospital resuscitation: where are the gency Medicine Australasia. An experimental research into the resus A prospective randomized and blinded comparison of frst shock citation of dogs killed by anesthetics and asphyxia. Post myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in shock chest compression delays with automated external dogs. Failure of epinephrine to improve the patients) balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand during 40. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx rine maintains coronary perfusion pressure after early and late F, Schetz M, et al. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: concerns about and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular mouth to mouth contact. A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for who experience out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: a science out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Effect of epinephrine and lidocaine therapy on outcome after cardiac arrest due to ventricular fbrillation. Mild thera peutic hypothermia to improve the neurological outcome after success rates than monophasic devices. Biphasic devices have shown a survival dence to clinical practice: effective implementation of therapeutic beneft when compared to monophasic hypothermia to improve patient outcome after cardiac arrest. Frequent ventilation of the patient the Essentials and Standards of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical c. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Use of higher doses of epinephrine results in physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and residents. Goals & Objectives: Upon completion of this article, you should be able to: (1) a higher rate of survival to discharge. Discussion of Investigational Information: As part of the newsletter, faculty may be c. Epinephrine is effective in an acidic presenting investigational information about pharmaceutical products that is outside Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling. All faculty participating in the planning or implementation of a sponsored arrest has been shown in clinical trials to im activity are expected to disclose to the audience any relevant fnancial relationships and to assist in resolving any confict of interest that may arise from the relationship.

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In some countries with high incidence of thyroid cancer it has been used to investigate a prominent palpable mass before conventional thyroid scintigraphy or thyroid ultrasound [7 acne vs pimples buy cleocin gel 20gm without prescription. In addition skin care korean products cleocin gel 20 gm fast delivery, it can be used for confirmation of a clinically obvious malignancy skin care guru purchase 20gm cleocin gel with visa, and to assess the nature of tissue and fluid cytology with the drainage of complex cystic lesions acne vulgaris treatments cheap cleocin gel 20 gm online. The trachea can also be punctured but this acne on nose purchase cleocin gel pills in toronto, at worst skin care associates discount 20gm cleocin gel mastercard, will produce a coughing spasm that goes away within a few minutes. Cameco syringe pistol this is not absolutely necessary but greatly facilitates the performance of the procedure. It enables the operator to use one hand for the syringe and needle, leaving the other hand free to fix the lesion (Fig. Shown are the aspiration gun, a 10cc syringe, and a choice of 22 or 23 gauge needles. Fix the thyroid mass between the second and third digits of the left hand (assuming the operator is right-handed). At this point, if the operator feels that he has gotten adequate material, he withdraws the needle. Otherwise, he may continue to move the needle back and forth even without negative pressure, a few more times before withdrawing the needle. The thyroid nodule is fixed by the second and third fingers of the left hand while the aspirator gun with the syringe is held with the right hand. Clean glass slides must have been laid out on the table even before the procedure is started. However, the cellularity of a specimen depends on the intrinsic nature of the lesion from which it was taken. Cases such as this should not be considered unsatisfactory and may be diagnosed as consistent with colloid goitre so long as it is qualified by the statement that the interpretation is limited by the paucity of the follicular cells. This reporting approach is supported by the Papanicolau Society of Cytopathology for the examination of fine needle aspiration specimen from thyroid nodules. Reporting and clinical correlation the cytological interpretation of a thyroid aspirate is categorized into: A. Intermediate/Suspicious for malignancy cellular follicular lesions, follicular neoplasms C. Malignant lesions papillary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, malignant lymphoma D. It is not possible to differentiate between hyperplastic nodule in adenomatous goitre and a neoplasm in many cases because of their overlapping cytological features [7. It is possible, however, to give a diagnosis of cellular follicular lesion, favouring hyperplastic or adenomatous nodule. In such a case, where the patient is considered to be low-risk, conservative medical management with close follow-up is advised. A hyperfunctioning nodule on radioisotope scan will also favour conservative management. A cell block preparation may help to distinguish follicular adenoma from colloid nodules [7. Some reports of large patient series have placed the proportion of follicular tumours detected by cytology at 70-90%, and of those, 14-40% have been ultimately diagnosed as carcinoma [7. The difficulty in diagnosing the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma stems from the absence or rarity of papillary formations and the presence of follicular groupings (syncitial cell aggregates, microfollicles). However, a proportion of the cells exhibit the typical nuclear features (pale nuclei, powdery chromatin, nuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves) of papillary carcinoma. In general, lesions in the category of indeterminate or suspicious require surgery for a definitive diagnosis. A non-diagnostic or unsatisfactory aspirate is usually due to faulty technique of the operator or sampling error, i. A mastery of the skill in needle aspiration is as important as the proficiency in the interpretation of the smears. Other causes of unsatisfactory samples are inherent in the lesion and include sclerosis or fibrosis, a fibrous or calcified capsule, cystic degeneration and extensive necrosis. Accuracy A review of the literature shows that fine needle aspiration biopsy has an accuracy rate of 65 83%, sensitivity of 53-95% and specificity of 52-100% [7. The most accurate results are obtained when an experienced cytopathologist performs the biopsy, primarily since sample 60 adequacy can be readily assessed [7. The simplicity of the test, however, allows good results even when the procedure is done by clinicians, particularly when there is close coordination between the clinician and the cytopathologist. Papillary carcinoma, the most common of all thyroid tumours can exhibit different growth patterns and thus is classified into various subtypes, the majority behaves in an indolent fashion, and however, some have been shown to be aggressive in their clinical course [8. However, despite conflicting results these studies have provided data so as to divide patients into sub-groups with similar prognosis and for selection of treatment modalities with lower morbidity. Clinico-pathological prognostic factors Several authors have studied various clinical factors in large groups of patients and have devised treatment and prognostic schemes based on these factors. Because tumour recurrence rates reflect cancer related clinical problems, it is unfortunate that this parameter has not been well examined. It is shown that there is a linear increase in tumour recurrence and death with age, especially after age 40. Older patients often present with more aggressive tumours, more frequent distant metastases, and aggressive histological variants, thus leading to an unfavourable disease course [8. Children above the age of 10 and adolescents have an excellent prognosis even in the presence of extensive local disease and distant metastasis. Gender Tumours in men follow a more aggressive clinical course compared to women [8. Size the size of papillary carcinoma of thyroid can range from less than 1 cm to a tumour replacing the entire thyroid lobe [8. However, it is unclear from published studies that tumour extension rather than size is an important factor affecting the prognosis. Multifocality In cases of papillary cancer, multiple foci of tumour may be present within one lobe or both lobes [8. This is a cited reason for total thyroidectomy in patients with papillary cancer [8. Some authors believe that these multiple foci represent intraglandular spread of tumour via lymphatics [8. Multifocal tumours have an increased propensity to metastatise to lymph nodes, have persistent local disease, regional recurrences, distant metastases and mortality [8. Extrathyroidal extension Both papillary and follicular carcinoma can have extrathyroidal extension [8. It has been shown that tumours associated with gross extrathyroidal extension (noted by the surgeon or by preoperative evaluation) have a worse prognosis than those confined to the thyroid [8. A study from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre of 931 patients found that on multivariate analysis, extrathyroidal extension is one of the adverse prognostic factors [8. According to these reports the presence of significant amounts (>10% of tumour mass) of these foci may adversely affect patient prognosis [8. Metastases Lymph node metastases are more common in papillary carcinoma than in follicular carcinoma [8. The reported rates for lymph node involvement in papillary carcinoma can be as high as 80% [8. Some studies have suggested that lymph node involvement in papillary carcinoma is an adverse prognostic factor, whereas, others have found no prognostic significance [8. However, by multivariate analysis only absence of tumour capsule and perithyroidal tissue involvement was predictive of nodal disease. Near-total thyroidectomy is preferred by many clinicians over partial thyroidectomy because of the following: a) multicentricity in papillary cancer, b) frequent nodal disease, c) highly invasive nature of follicular carcinoma, and d) difficulty in 131 ablation of large thyroid remnant by I. At present, there are several nonrandomized published reports which show that this treatment significantly reduces tumour recurrence, improves survival, and facilitates follow-up [8. It has been shown that tumour recurrence can occur in thyroid remnant in 20% of patients and distant metastases are more common after subtotal than total thyroidectomy [8. Total thyroidectomy and radioiodine treatment have not been shown to improve prognosis in this low risk group of patients [8. It has been shown that changes in serum Tg represent evolution of disease (change in tumour mass) after initial treatment [8. The reported 10-year survival is 95% in papillary carcinoma and 80% in follicular carcinoma. In addition, survival figures in follicular carcinoma decline if Hurthle cell carcinomas are included. Despite these reported differences studies have shown that if the patients are stratified by their age and disease stage, survival curves for both papillary and follicular carcinoma are similar [8. At present, numerous histological variants/subtypes of papillary carcinoma have been described but only few large series have an adequate follow-up to show an effect on 65 prognosis. A better prognosis is seen in encapsulated, cystic or microcarcinoma papillary cancer, whereas an aggressive clinical behaviour is seen in tall cell, columnar cell, and diffuse sclerosing variant [8. Tall cell variant of papillary carcinoma derives its name from the presence of elongated tumour cells (the height of individual cell being twice the width) with nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. These tumours are usually of large size (>5 cm), present at older age and have a strong male predilection. These tumours exhibit a strong tendency toward extrathyroidal extension, vascular invasion, local recurrence, distant metastases and cause disease-associated death in about 25% of patients [8. It is characterized by papillary architecture and nuclear stratification with prominent subnuclear cytoplasmic vacuolation resembling early secretary endometrium [8. These tumours usually are aggressive and exhibit extrathyroidal extension, regional and distant metastases and a fatal outcome [8. These tumours are confined to the thyroid and show better prognosis compared to the initially described cases [8. A majority of these tumours are incidental findings during autopsy examination of thyroid or histological examination of thyroid lobe(s) resected for benign thyroid disease or as a part of surgical dissection of tumours of neighbouring head and neck organs. The latter have been shown to be commonly associated with lymph node metastases and local recurrences. Therefore, it is recommended that hemithyroidectomy is adequate for unifocal tumours, whereas, multifocal tumours should be treated by total thyroidectomy [8. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is commonly encountered in children and adolescents. It involves the whole thyroid diffusely and also shows sclerosis, squamous metaplasia, tumour-associated lymphocytic infiltrate, abundant psammoma bodies, and marked lymphatic invasion. All patients affected by these tumour show nodal disease and up to 25% also have lung metastases. Because of its clinical presentation some authors classify this tumour as an aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma, whereas, other believe that it behaves like the usual papillary thyroid carcinoma [8. Hurthle cell carcinoma is a variant of follicular carcinoma, which is predominantly or solely composed of oncocytic cells (at least 75%). These, tumours are frequently associated with extrathyroidal extension and with both distant and nodal metastases. Several studies have shown that Hurthle cell carcinoma is a more aggressive tumour and follows a less favourable clinical course than follicular carcinoma [8. In encapsulated carcinoma, up to 14% of papillary carcinoma can be encapsulated [8. These tumours consist of either pure papillary, follicular, or a mixture of both growth patterns. Usually the tumour capsule is thick, can show dystrophic calcifications and there is no evidence of capsular and/or vascular invasion [8. It is generally believed that these tumours follow an indolent clinical course [8. These tumours can be associated 66 with lymph node metastases, however, local recurrence and metastatic spread is uncommon [8. The diagnosis of follicular carcinoma is dependent on the presence of capsular and/or vascular invasion [8. Some authors believe that the follicular carcinoma diagnosis should only be made in the presence of vascular invasion only [8. Therefore, follicular tumours showing only capsular invasion should be diagnosed as minimally invasive follicular carcinoma and tumours with vascular invasion are termed as angio-invasive follicular carcinoma. The angio-invasive tumours lead to haematogenous metastasis to bone and lungs, causing death in 50% of patients at 10-year follow-up. In general, compared to widely invasive follicular carcinoma that diffusely infiltrates the affected lobe or entire thyroid, the 10-year survival rates for encapsulated tumours range from 70% to 100% and for widely invasive type are 25% to 45% [8. Autoimmune thyroid disease Approximately one-third of cases of papillary cancer can arise in the background of lymphocytic thyroiditis or show a tumour associated lymphocytic infiltrate. Some studies have suggested that these associations can lead to favourable outcome. After treatment disappearance of these antibodies suggests a successful initial treatment, whereas, their persistence is indicative of persistent or recurrent disease [8. These are often multifocal, show invasion and have nodal, and distant metastases [8. However, multivariate analysis has failed to substantiate its role as an independent prognostic indicator [8. Some studies have shown that death and tumour recurrences are more common in patients with aneuploid Hurthle cell carcinomas [8. Its prevalence ranges from 3-35% in spontaneous papillary thyroid carcinoma depending upon geographic location, however, it is expressed in up to 70% of radiation induced papillary cancers [8. Inactivating 69 point mutations of the p53 gene are more commonly seen in poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas [8. Prognostic schemes Several scoring systems have been devised on the basis of various prognostic factors.

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It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient acne nodule discount cleocin gel 20gm with mastercard. However acne icd 10 order cleocin gel 20 gm with amex, if all time points are recorded on a single form skin care 40 year old order cheap cleocin gel on line, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly acne 7 day detox buy cleocin gel overnight. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery cystic acne generic cleocin gel 20gm free shipping. Any of the M categories (cM0 acne keloidalis buy cleocin gel 20gm, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Testis 7 Registry Data Collection Variables See chapter for more details on these variables. Kidney 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Adrenal gland involvement by direct extension (T4) or as a separate nodule (M1): 8. Histologic tumor necrosis: 7 Histologic Grade (G) the Fuhrman grading system, published in 1982, has been widely utilized. It is a four-tier system based on nuclear size, nuclear shape, and nucleolar prominence. Despite the widespread usage of Fuhrman grading, serious problems are associated with its implementation, reproducibility, and outcome prediction. As a result, a modified grading system has been proposed to be based on nucleolar prominence for the first three grading categories, while grade 4 is based on the presence of marked nuclear pleomorphism, which may include tumor giant cells or sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid differentiation. Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urothelial Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma arising in the Renal Pelvis and Ureter have distinct Histologic Grade (G) sections. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Intratubular spread of this urothelial carcinoma (involvement of renal collecting tubules without stromal invasion): 7 Histologic Grade (G) For squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the following grading schema is recommended. Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma arising in the Urinary Bladder have distinct Histologic Grade (G) sections. Urinary Bladder: Urothelial Carcinomas 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Urinary Bladder: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Urethra Urothelial Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma arising in the Urethra have distinct Histologic Grade (G) sections. Additionally, there are different Definitions of Primary Tumor (T) for Male Penile and Female Urethra, and Prostatic Urethra. Please choose the appropriate staging form based on primary site and histologic type. Male Penile Urethra and Female Urethra: Urothelial Carcinomas 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Grade 1?3 for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: 7 Histologic Grade (G) Grade is reported by the grade value. Definition of primary tumor (T) for Ta, Tis, T1, and T2 with depth of invasion ranging from the epithelium to the urogenital diaphragm. Definition of primary tumor (T) for Ta, Tis, T1, T2, and T3 with depth of invasion ranging from the epithelium to the urogenital diaphragm. Male Penile and Female Urethra: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Definition of primary tumor (T) for Ta, Tis, T1, and T2 with depth of invasion ranging from the epithelium to the urogenital diaphragm. Definition of primary tumor (T) for Ta, Tis, T1, T2, and T3 with depth of invasion ranging from the epithelium to the urogenital diaphragm. Prostatic Urethra: Urothelial Carcinomas 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Grade 1?3 for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: 7 Histologic Grade (G) Grade is reported by the grade value. Prostatic Urethra: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Eyelid Carcinoma 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease. This form may be used by physicians to record data on T, N, and M categories; prognostic stage groups; additional prognostic factors; cancer grade; and other important information. This form may be useful for recording information in the medical record and for communicating information from physicians to the cancer registrar. It is best to use a separate form for each time point staged along the continuum for an individual cancer patient. However, if all time points are recorded on a single form, the staging basis for each element should be identified clearly. Criteria: First therapy is systemic and/or radiation therapy and is followed by surgery. Any of the M categories (cM0, cM1, or pM1) may be used with pathological stage grouping. Conjunctival Carcinoma 1 Terms of Use the cancer staging form is a specific document in the patient record; it is not a substitute for documentation of history, physical examination, and staging evaluation, or for documenting treatment plans or follow-up. Always refer to the respective chapter in the Manual for disease-specific rules for classification, as this form is not representative of all rules, exceptions and instructions for this disease.

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