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Margaret P. Adam, M.D.

University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington

Although several magnesium balance studies have been performed medications 247 buy cheap cyclophosphamide 50mg on line, not all have met the requirements of a well-designed investigation symptoms 24 order cyclophosphamide 50 mg mastercard. When ingested as a naturally occurring substance in foods treatment yeast infection home discount cyclophosphamide 50 mg line, magnesium has not been shown to exert any adverse effects medications in pregnancy cyclophosphamide 50 mg. However treatment esophageal cancer discount 50 mg cyclophosphamide mastercard, based on the reported frequency of intake in children symptoms whooping cough cheap 50mg cyclophosphamide with mastercard, fewer than 1 percent of all children would be at risk for adverse effects. Meats, starches, and milk are intermediate in magnesium content, and refined foods generally have the lowest magnesium content. Food and Drug Administration, approximately 45 percent of dietary magnesium was obtained from vegetables, fruits, grains, and nuts, whereas approximately 29 percent was obtained from milk, meat, and eggs. With the increased consumption of refined and processed foods, dietary magnesium intake appears to have decreased over the years. Women and men who used magnesium supplements took similar doses, about 100 mg/day, although the 95th percentile of intake was somewhat higher for women (400 mg/day) than it was for men (350 mg/day). Children who took magnesium had a median daily intake of 23 mg and a 95th-percentile daily supplemental intake of 117 mg. Bioavailability In a typical diet, approximately 50 percent of the magnesium consumed will be absorbed. High levels of dietary fiber from fruits, vegetables, and grains decrease magnesium absorption or retention, or both. Dietary Interactions There is evidence that magnesium may interact with certain other nutrients and dietary substances (see Table 2). Phosphorus Phosphorus may decrease Studies of subjects on high-phosphate diets have magnesium absorption. Calcium intakes of as much as 2,000 mg/day (in adult men) did not affect magnesium balance. However, calcium intakes in excess of 2,600 mg/day have been reported to decrease magnesium balance. Several studies have found that high sodium and calcium intake may result in increased renal magnesium excretion. Overall, at the dietary levels recommended in this report, the interaction of magnesium with calcium is not a concern. Protein Protein may affect Magnesium absorption has been shown to be lower magnesium absorption. A higher protein intake may increase renal magnesium excretion, perhaps because an increased acid load increases urinary magnesium excretion. Studies in adolescents have shown improved magnesium absorption and retention when protein intakes were higher (93 vs. However, a 3-week study of dietary-induced experimental magnesium depletion in humans demonstrated that even a mild degree of magnesium depletion may result in a significant decrease in serum calcium concentration. Special Considerations Excessive alcohol intake: Excessive alcohol intake has been shown to cause renal magnesium wasting. Individuals who consume marginal amounts of magnesium and who excessively consume alcohol could be at risk for magnesium depletion. However, current evidence does not support the suggestion that magnesium deficiency causes alcoholism. Medications: A growing number of medications have been found to result in increased renal magnesium excretion. Diuretics, which are commonly used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and edema, may cause hypermagnesuria. Mothers who breastfeed multiple infants: Due to the increased milk production of a mother while breastfeeding multiple infants, increased intakes of magnesium during lactation, as with calcium, should be considered. The elderly: Several studies have found that elderly people have relatively low dietary intakes of magnesium. With aging, intestinal magnesium absorption tends to decrease and urinary magnesium excretion tends to increase. It should also be noted that meals served by some long-term care facilities may provide less than the recommended levels of magnesium. However, adverse effects have been observed with excessive intake from nonfood sources that are used acutely for pharmacological purposes, such as magnesium salts. Manganese metalloenzymes include arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, and manganese superoxide dismutase. The highest contributors of manganese to the diet are grains, beverages (tea), and vegetables. Although a manganese deficiency may contribute to one or more clinical symptoms, a clinical deficiency has not been clearly associated with poor dietary intakes of healthy individuals. Neurotoxicity of orally ingested manganese at relatively low doses is controversial, but evidence suggests that elevated blood manganese levels and neurotoxicity are possible. Manganese metalloenzymes include arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, and manganese superoxide dismutase. Absorption, Metabolism, Storage, and Excretion Only a small percentage of dietary manganese is absorbed by the body. Some studies indicate that manganese is absorbed via active transport mechanisms, while other studies suggest that passive diffusion via a nonsaturable process occurs. Much of absorbed manganese is excreted very rapidly into the gut via the bile, and only a small amount is retained. Urinary excretion of manganese is low and has not been found to be sensitive to dietary intake. Therefore, the potential risk for manganese toxicity is highest when bile excretion is low, such as in the neonate or in liver disease. Special Considerations Gender: Men have been shown to absorb significantly less manganese compared to women. This value is based on elevated blood manganese and neurotoxicity as the critical adverse effects and represents intake from food, water, and supplements. The risk of an adverse effect resulting from excess intake of manganese from food and supplements appears to be low at these intakes. Dietary Interactions There is evidence that manganese may interact with certain other nutrients and dietary substances (see Table 2). In limited studies on induced manganese depletion in humans, subjects developed scaly dermatitis and hypocholesterolemia. Iron Iron status may affect Low ferritin concentrations are associated with manganese absorption: low increased manganese absorption, thereby having a serum ferritin concentration gender effect on manganese bioavailability (because may increase manganese women tend to have lower ferritin concentrations absorption. Phytate Phytate may decrease In a study of infant formula, the soy-based formula manganese absorption. The totality of evidence in animals and humans supports a causal association between elevated blood manganese concentrations and neurotoxicity. Special Considerations Individuals susceptible to adverse effects: People with chronic liver disease may be distinctly susceptible to the adverse effects of excess manganese intake, probably because elimination of manganese in bile is impaired. Also, manganese in drinking water and supplements may be more bioavailable than food manganese. Therefore, individuals who take manganese supplements, particularly those who already consume large amounts of manganese from diets high in plant products, should take extra caution. In limited studies on induced manganese depletion in humans, subjects developed scaly dermatitis and hypocholesterolemia. Neurotoxicity of orally ingested manganese at relatively low doses is more controversial, but evidence suggests that elevated blood manganese levels and neurotoxicity are possible. The requireM ments for molybdenum are based on controlled balance studies with specific amounts of molybdenum consumed. These enzymes are involved in catabolism of sulfur amino acids and heterocylic compounds such as purines and pyrimidines. A clear molybdenum deficiency syndrome that produces physiological signs of molybdenum restriction has not been achieved in animals, despite major reduction in the activity of these molybdoenzymes. Rather, the essential nature of molybdenum is based on a genetic defect that prevents sulfite oxidase synthesis. Because sulfite is not oxidized to sulfate, severe neurological damage leading to early death occurs with this inborn error of metabolism. Absorption, Metabolism, Storage, and Excretion the absorption of molybdenum is highly efficient over a wide range of intakes, which suggests that the mechanism of action is a passive (nonmediated) diffusion process. However, the exact mechanism and location within the gastrointestinal tract of molybdenum absorption have not been studied. Excretion is primarily through the urine and is directly related to dietary intake. When molybdenum intake is low, about 60 percent of ingested molybdenum is excreted in the urine, but when molybdenum intake is high, more than 90 percent is excreted in the urine. Although related to dietary intake, urinary molybdenum alone does not reflect status. Information on dietary intake of molybdenum is limited because of lack of a simple and reliable analytical method for determining molybdenum in foods. In addition, studies have identified levels of dietary molybdenum intake that appear to be associated with no harm. More soluble forms of molybdenum have greater toxicity than insoluble or less soluble forms. National surveys do not provide percentile data on the dietary intake of molybdenum. Because there was no information from national surveys on percentile distribution of molybdenum intakes, the risk of adverse effects could not be characterized. Legumes, grain products, and nuts are the major contributors of dietary molybdenum. Bioavailability Little is known about the bioavailability of molybdenum, except that it has been demonstrated to be less efficiently absorbed from soy than from other food sources (as is the case with other minerals). It is unlikely that molybdenum in other commonly consumed foods would be less available than the molybdenum in soy. The utilization of absorbed molybdenum appears to be similar regardless of food source. A rare metabolic defect called molybdenum cofactor deficiency results from the deficiency of molybdoenzymes. Few infants with this defect survive the first days of life, and those who do have severe neurological and other abnormalities. Possible reasons for the presumed low toxicity of molybdenum include its rapid excretion in the urine, especially at higher intake levels. More soluble forms of molybdenum have greater toxicity than insoluble or less soluble forms. There are limited toxicity data for molybdenum in humans; most of the data apply to animals. In the absence of adequate human studies, it is impossible to determine which adverse effects might be considered most relevant to humans. Special Considerations Individuals susceptible to adverse effects: People who are deficient in dietary copper or who have some dysfunction in copper metabolism that makes them copper-deficient could be at increased risk of molybdenum toxicity. However, the effect of molybdenum intake on copper status in humans remains to be clearly established. A rare and usually fatal metabolic defect called molybdenum cofactor deficiency results from the deficiency of molybdoenzymes. Phosphorus helps maintain a normal pH in the body and is involved in metabolic processes. The adult requirements for phosphorus are based on studies of serum inorganic phosphate concentration in adults. Phosphorus deficiency is generally not a problem; the average adult diet contains about 62 mg phosphorus per 100 kcal. Its main functions are to maintain a normal pH (by buffering excesses of acid or alkali), temporarily store and transfer energy derived from metabolic fuels, and activate catalytic proteins via phosphorylation.

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The 2 basic methods for tissue engineering are a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach 9 medications that cause fatigue buy generic cyclophosphamide 50 mg line. The more traditional method is the top-down approach medicine university effective cyclophosphamide 50 mg, whereby cells are seeded in a preformed 3D scaffold made from polymer medicine bg order cyclophosphamide 50 mg on line, natural porous materials symptoms xanax treats order cyclophosphamide canada, or decellularized native extracellular matrix symptoms kidney cancer generic cyclophosphamide 50 mg line. In the bottom-up approach medications related to the female reproductive system cheap 50mg cyclophosphamide mastercard, various methods have been used to aggregate cells to form distinct subunits that could eventually be used as building blocks to engineer whole organs. Examples of these methods are cell printing, microwells, cell sheets, and self-assembled hydrogels. This section describes the various types of scaffold materials used in tissue engineering, the types of methods in Dental Tissue Engineering and Regeneration 503 which these materials are used (top-down vs bottom-up), and a few examples of how these materials are being applied to dental pulp regeneration. An extensive review of scaffolds in dental tissue generation is provided in an article elsewhere in this issue. Scaffold Materials Whether the approach is top-down or bottom-up, the role of a scaffold is to provide support for delivering cells and/or growth factors to the proposed site of tissue regeneration. Toward these goals, there are important features to consider in scaffold selection, including the physical and mechanical aspects of the material, its biocompatibility, and its degradation timeline. These physical aspects of a 3D scaffold include the porosity (pore volume fraction of the scaffold), pore size (pore diameter), pore structure (shape), and all aspects that can influence how well the cells adhere to the material. For a hydrogel, important aspects include swelling behavior and diffusivity of the hydrogel. Important mechanical properties of a scaffold material include the viscoelasticity and the tensile strength. For dental regeneration purposes, the tensile strength may be not as important as the viscoelastic properties of the scaffold materials. In general, scaffold materials should reflect the microenvironment of target tissues/organs to facilitate cell growth and ultimately integration to the host. A beneficial clinical feature for dental pulp regeneration would be if the scaffold is injectable, as are some of the natural scaffold materials and hydrogels. In these cases, the gelation time would need to be taken in to consideration when seeding cells in a scaffold for implantation into a host. Naturally derived scaffold materials have the advantage that they are generally well tolerated, do not lead to immunogenic response, and do not involve the use of harsh chemicals during processing. However, a major drawback is the lack of control over the pore size and heterogeneity of the scaffold. The degradation process of the scaffold is important, and should closely follow the rate of tissue regeneration. When using synthetic polymers, the release of acidic degradation products must be taken into consideration, as well as the resulting drop in pH in the surrounding microenvironment and how that affects the immune response, surrounding tissue, and other factors. Ceramics and bioactive glasses have only recently been studied in terms of how their dissolution products affect cell behavior, and further research is needed to completely understand the mechanism by which the cells and these by-products react. These materials in some cases can be osseointegrated and are well tolerated by the body. These scaffolds have been synthesized as copolymer solutions and come in variable weights. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) has been used since the late 1960s as a contact-lens material. Alginate is a hydrogel comprising 1,4-linked b-D-mannuronic acid and a-L-guluronic acid, typically derived from brown seaweed and also bacteria. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, the major component of crustacean exoskeletons. It can be formulated into an injectable hydrogel, and has been used in the study of epithelial wound healing,179 repair after myocardial infarction,180 and for intestinal181 and central nervous system182 tissue engineering. Bioceramics and Metals Bioceramics and metals have long been used as implant materials for joint and tooth replacement. The 3D cell printers can print single cells or cell aggregates onto the previously printed successive layers of thermosensitive gels in a layer-by-layer fashion. Cells can be incorporated into the prepolymer solution with a high survival rate (83. Not surprisingly, both natural and synthetic materials have been explored for this use, each with encouraging results. In dental tissue engineering, a wide variety of biomaterials have been used such as human bone derivatives, natural porous materials, bioceramics, and synthetic polymers. Because of these properties, fibrin glue, fibrin sealant, and fibrin in other forms were produced to aid bleeding control, speed wound healing, cover holes instead of sutures, and provide slow-release delivery of antibiotics or other drugs. Fibrin glue and platelet-rich fibrin can be prepared from whole blood before surgery. The mixture of these 2 components was used as a scaffold 508 Horst et al for reassembly of porcine tooth bud cells implanted in the extraction socket. After 36 weeks, these implants developed into a complete tooth or an unerupted tooth crown. It induces osteoblastic and odontoblastic differentiation as well as the formation of dentin-like collagenous matrix and vascularized pulp-like structure after transplantation in vivo. Scaffold nanotopography and molecular self-assembly offer new directions for the fabrication of tissues with similar cell and matrix organization to the native tissues at the nanoscale. Together with embedded growth factors and/or bioactive molecules, the scaffold provides a microenvironment that supports the development and differentiation of stem cells into specialized cells to form the target tissue/organ. These approaches combine tools from a variety of fields such as stem-cell biology, biomaterials, and developmental biology. Whereas regenerative medicine places more emphasis on cell-based therapy, particularly stem cells, to repair or replace damaged tissues/organs, tissue engineering focuses on using biomaterials with or without cells to make bioartificial tissues or organs. Various sources of stem cells have been identified and used to generate the desired specialized cell or tissue types. In addition, endothelial cells and their paracrine factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor were shown to play important roles in mediating angiogenesis to nurture engineered tissues or organs and facilitate host integration. To integrate the transplanted cells into the surrounding tissue without harming the recipient; research strategies must be created to avoid the problem of immune rejection without long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. To increase the proliferation of stem cells to generate sufficient amounts of tissue. Survival, migration and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells transplanted on micro-machined poly(methyl methacrylate) scaffolds to the subretinal space. Aligned arrays of biodegradable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanowires and nanofibers by template synthesis. Editorial: effective bio-economic approaches for stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a functional extension of skin. Living tissue formed in vitro and accepted as skin-equivalent tissue of full thickness. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Organ reengineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix. Efficacy of an extracorporeal flat-plate bioartificial liver in treating fulminant hepatic failure. Post-natal endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization in tissue regeneration. Vascular endothelial cells and pituitary hormone producing cells derived from embryonic stem cells therapy for hypopituitarism. Endothelial cell co-culture mediates maturation of human embryonic stem cell to pancreatic insulin producing cells in a directed differentiation approach. Paracrine factors of vascular endothelial cells facilitate cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Endothelial cell coculture within tissueengineered cardiomyocyte sheets enhances neovascularization and improves cardiac function of ischemic hearts. Significance of the platelet-derived growth factor in periodontal tissue regeneration. Differential effect of amelogenin peptides on osteogenic differentiation in vitro: identification of possible new drugs for bone repair and regeneration. Interactions of regenerative, inflammatory and biomechanical signals on bone morphogenetic protein-2 in periodontal ligament cells. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Pulp capping of dental pulp mechanically exposed to oral microflora: a 1-2 year observation of wound healing in the monkey. Rate and predictability of pulp revascularization in therapeutically reimplanted permanent incisors. The blood vascular supply of the dental pulp with emphasis on capillary circulation. Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: new treatment protocolfi Biologically based treatment of immature permanent teeth with pulpal necrosis: a case series. Regenerative treatment of an immature, traumatized tooth with apical periodontitis: report of a case. Pulp revascularization of a necrotic infected immature permanent tooth: case report and review of the literature. A retrospective evaluation of radiographic outcomes in immature teeth with necrotic root canal systems treated with regenerative endodontic procedures. Revascularization of an immature permanent tooth with apical periodontitis and sinus tract. Pulp revascularization of necrotic bilateral bicuspids using a modified novel technique to eliminate potential coronal discolouration: a case report. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Derivation and comparative assessment of retinal pigment epithelium from human embryonic stem cells using transcriptomics. Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Efficient hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on stromal cells derived from hematopoietic niches. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional hepatic cells. Differentiation and isolation of hepatic-like cells from human embryonic stem cells. Trophoblast differentiation in embryoid bodies derived from human embryonic stem cells. Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells form durable blood vessels in vivo. Expansion and characterization of human embryonic stem cell-derived osteoblast-like cells. Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament. Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth: a pilot study. The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering. Hedgehog signaling regulates the generation of ameloblast progenitors in the continuously growing mouse incisor. Cellular renewal in the enamel organ and the odontoblast layer of the rat incisor as followed by radioautography using 3H-thymidine. Canonical notch signaling functions as a commitment switch in the epidermal lineage. Neurally selected embryonic stem cells induce tumor formation after long-term survival following engraftment into the subretinal space. Transplantation of undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells in the heart: teratoma formation and immune response. MyoD converts primary dermal fibroblasts, chondroblasts, smooth muscle, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells into striated mononucleated myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes. Isolation and characterization of neural crest-derived stem cells from dental pulp of neonatal mice. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.

This feature alone may yield modest relative risk trends across intake categories in the population treatment 2 prostate cancer buy cyclophosphamide canada, even if the nutrient is an important factor in explaining large disease rate variations among populations medicine 2632 buy discount cyclophosphamide line. Third treatment in spanish buy 50mg cyclophosphamide with visa, many cohort and casecontrol studies have relied on self-reports of diet 92507 treatment code purchase cyclophosphamide 50mg free shipping, typically food records medicine abbreviations cyclophosphamide 50mg line, 24hour recalls medicine omeprazole 50mg cyclophosphamide otc, or diet history questionnaires. Repeated application of such instruments to the same individuals shows considerable variation in nutrient consumption estimates from one time period to another with correlations often in the 0. In addition, there may be systematic bias in nutrient consumption estimates from self-reports as the reporting of food intakes and portion sizes may depend on individual characteristics such as body mass, ethnicity, and age. For example, total energy consumption may tend to be substantially underreported (30 to 50 percent) among obese persons, with little or no underreporting among lean persons. Such systematic bias, in conjunction with random measurement error and limited intake range, has the potential to greatly impact analytic epidemiological studies based on self-reported dietary habits. Note that cohort studies using objective (biomarker) measures of nutrient intake may have an important advantage in the avoidance of systematic bias, though important sources of bias. The unique strength of randomized trials is that if the sample is large enough, the study groups will be similar with respect not only to those confounding variables known to the investigators, but also to any unknown factors that might be related to risk of the disease. Thus, randomized trials achieve a degree of control of confounding that is simply not possible with any observational design strategy, and thus they allow for the testing of small effects that are beyond the ability of observational studies to detect reliably. Although randomized controlled trials represent the accepted standard for studies of nutrient consumption in relation to human health, they too possess important limitations. Specifically, persons agreeing to be part of a randomized trial may be a select subset of the population of interest, thus limiting the generalization of trial results. In addition, the follow-up period will typically be short relative to the preceding time period of nutrient consumption that may be relevant to the health outcomes under study, particularly if chronic disease endpoints are sought. Also, dietary intervention or supplementation trials tend to be costly and logistically difficult, and the maintenance of intervention adherence can be a particular challenge. Because of the many complexities in conducting studies among free-living human populations and the attendant potential for bias and confounding, it is the totality of the evidence from both observational and intervention studies, appropriately weighted, that must form the basis for conclusions about causal relationships between particular exposures and disease outcomes. However, studies published in other scientific journals or readily available reports were considered if they appeared to provide important information not documented elsewhere. On the basis of a thorough review of the scientific literature, clinical, functional, and biochemical indicators of nutritional adequacy and excess were evaluated for each nutrient. The characteristics examined included the study design and the representativeness of the study population; the validity, reliability, and precision of the methods used for measuring intake and indicators of adequacy or excess; the control of biases and confounding factors; and the power of the study to demonstrate a given difference or correlation. For example, biological plausibility would not be sufficient in the presence of a weak association and lack of evidence that exposure preceded the effect. Data were examined to determine whether similar estimates of the requirement resulted from the use of different indicators and different types of studies. Therefore, many of the questions raised about the requirements for and recommended intakes of these nutrients cannot be answered fully. The extent to which intake of a nutrient from human milk may exceed the actual requirements of infants is not known, and ethics of experimentation preclude testing the levels known to be potentially inadequate. Using the infant exclusively fed human milk as a model is in keeping with the basis for earlier recommendations for intake. It also supports the recommendation that exclusive intake of human milk is the preferred method of feeding for normal full-term infants for the first 4 to 6 months of life. This recommendation has been made by the Canadian Paediatric Society, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine, and many other expert groups, even though most U. In keeping with the decision made by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, there were not specific recommended intakes to meet the needs of formula-fed infants. The use of formula introduces a large number of complex issues, one of which is the bioavailability of different forms of the nutrient in different formula types. This volume was reported from studies that used test weighing of full-term infants. Because there is variation in both the composition of milk and the volume consumed, the computed value represents the mean. It is expected that infants will consume increased volumes of human milk during growth spurts. Such an approach is in keeping with the current recommendations of the Canadian Paediatric Society, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Institute of Medicine for continued feeding of infants with human milk through 9 to 12 months of age with appropriate introduction of solid foods. The World Health Organization recommends the introduction of solid foods after 6 months of age. Using the metabolic weight ratio method to extrapolate data from younger to older infants involves metabolic scaling but does not include an adjustment for growth because it is based on a value for a growing infant. Methods for Determining Increased Needs for Pregnancy It is known that the placenta actively transports certain nutrients from the mother to the fetus against a concentration gradient. In these cases, the potential increased need for these nutrients during pregnancy is based on theoretical considerations, including obligatory fetal transfer, if data are available, and on increased maternal needs related to increases in energy or protein metabolism, as applicable. Methodological Considerations the quality of nutrient intake data varies widely across studies. The most valid intake data are those collected from the metabolic study protocols in which all food is provided by the researchers, amounts consumed are measured accurately, and the nutrient composition of the food is determined by reliable and valid laboratory analyses. Potential sources of error in self-reported intake data include overor underreporting of portion sizes and frequency of intake, omission of foods, and inaccuracies related to the use of food composition tables. In addition, because a high percentage of the food consumed in the United States and Canada is not prepared from scratch in the home, errors can occur due to a lack of information on how a food was manufactured, prepared, and served. Therefore, the values reported by nationwide surveys or studies that rely on self-report are often inaccurate and possibly biased, with a greater tendency to underestimate actual intake. Adjusting for Day-to-Day Variation Because of day-to-day variation in dietary intakes, the distribution of 1-day (or 2-day) intakes for a group is wider than the distribution of usual intakes even though the mean of the intakes may be the same. To reduce this problem, statistical adjustments have been developed that require at least 2 days of dietary data from a representative subsample of the population of interest. However, no accepted method is available to adjust for the underreporting of intake, which may average as much as 20 percent for energy. National survey data for Canada for these nutrients was collected in 10 provinces. Sources of Supplement Intake Data Data on supplement use was obtained via the 1986 National Health Interview Survey, involving 11,558 adults and 1,877 children. Participants were asked about their use of supplements during the previous two weeks, and supplement composition was obtained from product labels whenever possible. Food Sources For some nutrients, two types of information are provided about food sources: identification of the foods that are the major contributors of the nutrients to diets in the United States and Canada and identification of the foods that contain the highest amounts of the nutrient. The determination of foods that are major contributors depends on both nutrient content of a food and total consumption of the food (amount and frequency). Therefore, a food that has a relatively low concentration of the nutrient might still be a large contributor to total intake if that food is consumed in relatively large amounts. The steps used in risk assessment are summarized in Figure C-1 and explained in more detail in the text that follows. Data from human, animal, and in vitro research is examined, and scientific judgment is used to determine which observed effects are adverse. When available, data regarding the rate of nutrient absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion may also be used to help identify potential hazards. Any available knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which a nutrient causes an adverse effect may also be identified. Finally, distinct subgroups that are highly sensitive to the adverse effects of high nutrient intake are identified. These data are chosen based on their relevance to human route of expected intake, and expected magnitude and duration of intake. For nutrients, a key assumption underlying risk assessment is that no risk of adverse effects is expected unless the threshold dose, or intake, is exceeded. This is the highest intake (or experimental oral dose) of a nutrient at which no adverse effects have been observed in the people studied. In addition, the fact that excessive levels of a nutrient can cause more than one adverse effect must be considered. In this report it generally refers to total exposure (diet plus supplements) on a single day. To be unbiased, a statistic would have an expected value equal to a population parameter being estimated. Department of Agriculture Cut-point the exact point when something stops or changes. Dietary status the condition of an individual or group as a result of food and nutrient intake. Dietary status also refers to the sum of dietary intake measurements for an individual or a group. Disappearance data Data that refer to food and nutrients that disappear from the marketplace. The term refers to food and nutrient availability for a population that is calculated from national or regional statistics by the inventory-style method. Usually taken into account are the sum of food remaining from the previous year, food imports, and agricultural production; from this sum is subtracted the sum of food remaining at the end of the year, food exports, food waste, and food used for nonfood purposes. Disappearance data do not always take account of food that does not enter commerce, such as home food production, wild food harvests, etc. Distribution of observed the observed dietary or nutrient intake distribution intakes representing the variability of observed intakes in the population of interest. For example, the distribution of observed intakes may be obtained from dietary survey data such as 24-hour recalls. Distribution of the distribution reflecting the individual-to-individual requirements variability in requirements. Variability exists because not all individuals in a (sub) population have the same requirements for a nutrient (even if individuals are grouped into homogeneous classes, such as Hispanic men aged 19 to 50 years). The distribution should reflect only the individual-toindividual variability in intakes. Statistical procedures may be used to adjust the distribution of observed intakes by partially removing the day-to-day variability in individual intakes, so the adjusted distribution more closely reflects a usual intake distribution. Usually this will represent individuals living as a family in one home, including adults and children. A household may be the unit of observation rather than the independent individuals within it. Also average intake of a nutrient or food over two or more days for an individual. Mean requirement Average requirement of a particular nutrient for a group or population of individuals. It uses the distribution of usual intakes and the distribution of requirements to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes in a group. As defined in the usual statistical sense, a risk curve is in contrast to the concept of probability curve. For example, a skewed distribution can have a long tail to the right (right-skewed distribution) or to the left (left-skewed distribution). When the variance of a distribution is low, the likelihood of seeing values that are far away from the mean is low; in contrast, when the variance is large, the likelihood of seeing values that are far away from the mean is high. For usual intakes and requirements, variance reflects the person-to-person variability in the group. For foods, such as liver, containing only vitamin A activity from preformed vitamin A (retinol), no adjustment is necessary. Vitamin A values for foods containing only plant sources (provitamin A carotenoids) of vitamin A. For foods that are mixtures containing both plant and animal sources of vitamin A. If the recipe for a mixture is known, the new vitamin A value may be calculated after adjusting the vitamin A content of each ingredient, as necessary. To determine a revised total vitamin A value, the retinol value is calculated as the difference between the original total vitamin A value and the original carotenoid value. As discussed in the following section, this same procedure may be used to adjust intake data that have been analyzed using other databases. Supplemental b-carotene has a higher bioconversion to vitamin A than does dietary b-carotene. Little is known about the bioconversion of the forms of b-carotene that are added to foods, so fortification forms of b-carotene should be assumed to have the same bioconversion as food forms, which is 12:1. Two scenarios are possible: (1) the existing data provide values for both total vitamin A and carotenoid intake, and (2) the existing data provide values only for total vitamin A intake. Add the corrected provitamin A intake determined in Step 1b to the preformed vitamin A intake determined in Step 1a. This is because of the lack of information on the proportion of the total vitamin A intake that was derived from carotenoids. In this situation, a possible approach to approximating group mean intakes follows: 2a. Use other published data from a similar subject life stage and gender group that provide intakes of both total vitamin A and carotenoids to perform the calculations in Steps 1a through 1c above.

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They are very rugged, hold a charge better, and last twice as long as standard lead-acid batteries. Each of these institutions has its own system for purchasing assistive devices and an individualized set of criteria it uses to determine whether and how much will be paid. Of course, people who have the resources to do so can purchase wheelchairs and other mobility options directly, which can significantly simplify the process by removing the need for prior authorization by a third-party payer. Increased requirements for prior authorization for such purchases stem in part from federal investigations into Medicare fraud. A 2011 government report found that 80 percent of Medicare claims for power wheelchairs did not meet coverage requirements and should not have been paid by Medicare. Subsequently, some reimbursement rules have changed, including the requirement for prior authorization in some cases. As a result, patient advocacy groups are working through the appropriate channels to ensure that federal reimbursement policies are responsive to the needs of the populations they serve. They impact every aspect of life, from basic activities of daily living to school, work, recreation, and social engagement. It could be something as simple as the perfect pencil gripper or as sophisticated as an eye-gaze reader that controls household lights and temperature. Assistive devices open the doors of opportunity, self-sufficiency, employment, education, travelthe list is virtually endless. Research is showing that even people living with high-level quadriplegia may be able to interact with their world using thought-controlled computers, the first rudimentary models of which are now in development. It unlocks gateways to communities and social networks, information and marketplaces, recreation, even gainful employment. With the right programming interfaces, the computer becomes a control center for all manner of household systems and communications. Voice-recognition, head-tracking and eye-gaze technology opens access to individuals with even the most complex disabilities. Brain-machine interfaces that use nerve signals to power devices promise a next level of progress in overcoming disability. In the future, one can imagine a world where a paralyzed person can direct a mere thought to turn the wheelchair to the right, or to send an email or turn on the teapot. In this way, people living with paralysis could communicate and regain interaction with their environment. Kitchen implements are available with large, cushioned grips to help people with limited ability to grasp or grip. Medication dispensers with alarms can help people remember to take their medicine on time. People who use wheelchairs for mobility can use extendable reaching devices to reach items on shelves. The team may include family doctors, regular and special-education teachers, speech-language pathologists, rehabilitation engineers, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and other specialists, including representatives from companies that manufacture assistive technology. Appropriate assistive technology helps people with disabilities overcome or compensate, at least to some degree, for any limitations in function. Rehabilitative technology can help restore function in people who have developed a disability due to disease, injury, or aging. Congress in 1990 to ensure that individuals with disabilities have access to the same opportunities for learning, living and working that other people have. It has also fueled innovation in products and systems that enable people with disabilities to better control their environment. Adaptive switches make it possible for a child with limited motor skills to play with toys and games. Assistive technology also benefits employers, teachers, family members, and everyone who interacts with users of the technology. By increasing opportunities for people with paralysis to participate in all aspects of life, everyone benefits. Many kinds of assistive devices may cost the individual little or nothing, even for some very expensive items. Other sources of funds in states or communities include private foundations, charities, and civic organizations. The Assistive Technology Industry Association ofers a free Funding Resources Guide, which provides sources and resources to investigate as prospective options. Our intent here is not to provide an exhaustive review of products and equipment, as that is best done by specialists in individual categories of assistive technology. Rather, we have described the primary categories of assistive devices along with a list of key resources in the last part of each category so the reader can dig deeper when necessary to learn more and find dealers. To understand the full array of products available, check out tech guides such as AbleNet ( Access Board is a federal agency that promotes equality for people with disabilities through leadership in accessible design and the development of accessibility guidelines and standards for the built environment, transportation, communication, medical diagnostic equipment, and information technology. It enables a person to independently turn on or off any electronics such as lights, heat, air conditioning, stereo, or television; to answer or initiate phone calls; to unlock doors, and to open and close windows or window shades. The interface might be an array of hardwired switches at a doorway, a remote-control joystick mounted on a wheelchair, or a touchscreen tablet with wireless Bluetooth technology. Much depends on the types of products and services that can be linked up to the operating systems. Finding the right system, and an installer who will work to individualize the system to meet the specific needs of the individual using it, is critical. Not only does the personal computer open up the global gateway of information, social networking, and remote services via the world wide web, it can also be an empowering tool for communication and home management. Specialized computer software and hardware that help people with paralysis can be high-tech, like voice-recognition and other hands-free technologies, adaptive keyboards, and head-tracking mouse clickers, or relatively low-tech, like screen readers and screen-enlargement applications. The newest adaptation of the portable computer is smartwatches like the Apple Watch and Samsung Gear, which are just what the name implies: smartphones for your wrist, complete with internet access and a range of apps borrowed from phone operating systems. With ever-evolving, hands-free technology, even quads and people with upper-body limitations can operate a computer and navigate the internet using only voice, breath, eye, or head movements. Emerging technologies like brain-machine interfaces, which read nerve signals from the brain and translate them into commands on a device, will open the world of computing to even those with severe paralysis, enabling them to not only communicate but to manage basic aspects of daily life. The array of assistive devices for computing and communicating is vast and changing rapidly. Below we provide an overview of the primary technologies that are commercially available now to help people with paralysis better access the power of the personal computer for communication and everything else. The Resource section at the end provides a list of sources where one can learn more about specific products or systems. A Bluetooth device uses radio waves instead of wires or cables to connect to a phone or computer, making true portability possible. Bluetooth technology allows a wide variety of devices and services to connect to each other wirelessly, silently, and automatically. A Bluetooth product, such as a headset or watch, contains a tiny computer chip embedded with software that essentially acts as a radio tower to send and receive low-power, short-range radio waves. When combined with voice-recognition, eye-tracking, or other hands-free technology, Bluetooth opens a world of possibilities for people living with paralysis. This is, after all, the era of Siri and Google Now, smartphone apps that communicate by recognizing vocal commands and responding with information or specific actions. For me to move the mouse, which I use pretty extensively, it works through the wheelchair system. I have a little remote control that sits on the roof of my mouth, and I hit little buttons with my tongue. These wireless devices function like two-way speakers, listening to voice commands even from a relative distance and responding accordingly, whether it be to order a pizza or look up something on the internet. They perform as a kind of wireless command-and-control center for the home, and as technology progresses, are being fitted with an ever-increasing array of software interfaces to enable a broad range of uses. Consumer electronics companies are now racing to develop products based on the Alexa operating system, including home appliances, lamps, robots, car infotainment systems, and next-generation smartphones. As technology progresses, individualized interfaces will make it possible to control virtually any electronic device with a simple voice command. Eye-Gaze Technology Eye-gaze technology is designed to track the movement of the eyes by recording and analyzing the position of the pupils. For people with paralysis who are unable to move their arms, eye-gaze technology can be combined with the right software interface to enable use of a computer, phone, home-control unit, or basic communications device. Customized screens and programs for tablets and computers enable users to check, compose and send emails, browse the web, listen to music, operate remote electronics, read an e-book, or do just about anything else other computer users can do. Mouse Alternatives & Pointing Devices Several products are available to augment or replace the standard computer mouse to make point-and-click computing possible for people who have impaired arm and hand function or difficulty with fine motor control. The possibilities include touchpad-, joystickor trackball-based controllers, footcontrolled mice, and controllers driven by head or body movements. The mouth-controlled input provides users a simple and effective way to control mouse movement as well as other devices such as wheelchairs. Congress in 1990, was a landmark achievement for improving accessibility for individuals with disabilities. In the decades since, substantial improvements in accessibility have been made in many aspects of public life. Technologies like push pads for opening doors and key fobs that unlock doors with a swipe are a common sight, for example. He works his rig two ways: with a Jouse joystick he can operate with his mouth ( He can also write, send and receive email or surf the web by voice activation (Dragon NaturallySpeaking software, He had a big party at his house outside Los Angeles, with lots of family and friends to share the day; he gives this support system credit for his success. He and his wife, Sheila, travel extensively (see page 221 for his tips for vent trekking). To get a workout he straps into a functional electrical stimulation device from Restorative Therapies (

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Firstly treatment renal cell carcinoma generic cyclophosphamide 50mg on line, the paper demonstrates the design of a novel photoelectric system including an optical part and a In this paper medications made from plants purchase line cyclophosphamide, we discuss thin silicon shadow masks used in orcircuit part treatment quietus tinnitus buy discount cyclophosphamide 50mg. The schematic hardware diagram and the flow chart of the make use of shadow masks for thermal deposition of organic main program of the software are specified in this paper treatment wasp stings purchase cyclophosphamide 50 mg on-line. The metal shadow masks to assess the monitoring effect symptoms 4 weeks purchase cyclophosphamide 50 mg amex, the loads experiments are carare widely used because of easy access treatment high blood pressure discount cyclophosphamide 50mg line. However, the openings ried out at different locations of a test object in which special of the metal shadow masks are limited to vertical sidewall, which optical fibers are buried. This test object is a sample of Ecause the rounded profile at the edge of deposited organic lay51expoxy-resin composite materials that are commonly used in ers. Results obtained of6414-67, Poster Session fer feasibilities of employing the proposed photoelectric system as a monitoring device for load and damage detection in intelliFabrication of grating with Moire fringes gent composite structures. The etchless proOne dimensional photonic crystal is fabricated by periodic arcess needs no conservative etching process, such as wet etchrangement of materials with different refractive index in one diing, dry etching. Comparing with 2D and 3D photonic crystal, 1D photoand at low cost without any toxic gases or liquids. Then we came up with applying Moire fringes to fabrication of a long Theoretically, 1D photonic crystals have perfect periodicity, inperiod grating. To fabricate a long period grating with Moire fringes, cluding strict periodic distributions of refractive index and thicka lavaged Pyrex slide glass is spin-coated by a photoresist. However, perfect periodicity is impossible to realize in pracslide glass, which is put in a horizontal plane, is exposed to an tice because of the limitation of manufacturing processes. Some interference fringe by the two-beam interference of a He-Cd laworks have investigated factors breaking perfect periodicity, like ser. Next, the sample is rotated few degrees around the vertical dielectric interfacial roughness and refractive index change. In this way this paper, structure perturbation, defined as the error between we obtain photoresist grating with Moire fringes pattern. It was found that the porosity of porous silicon has a maximum According to this, we have drawn some conclusions which are value under a certain illumination intensity in our experiment. Irsignificantly valuable to developing omnidirectional reflectors, radiation can enhance anodization and speed up the etching rate band edge lasers and other devices based 1D photonic crystals. But strong irradiation can make chemical reaction intensely so that a large amount of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles 6414-66, Poster Session are produced. That is why the porosity increases until it reaches a maximum and then decreases as the irradiation increases. This dye laser with cascade arranged grating experimental result is the basis for fabricating the grating in poN. Fukuda, Chitose Institute of Science and rous silicon by controlling illumination intensity. As the refractive index of porous silicon decreases with an increase in the porosTechnology (Japan) ity, so the index distributing of porous silicon can be controlled Many types of solid-state dye lasers have been studied as comby illumination intensity. A holographic process allows obtaining pact, low cost, and easy-to-handle laser sources. In this study, a mask of light on top layer during we fabricating the multilayer we fabricate gratings without etching process and apply the gratporous silicon optical waveguides. We have developed a method to fabricate highdeep of modulation is directly related to the penetration of the quality gratings for solid-state dye lasers quickly and at low cost. By coupling photoresist grating with solid-state dyes, novel laser 6414-70, Poster Session devices can be achieved. Jeon, Kyungnam Therefore, the device emits two-different-wavelengths laser beams Univ. In this study, nator, variable capacitor, phased array antenna and other devices we achieved triple wavelength laser oscillation at 600, 605 and application. For the thick film sintered at hydrogen gas sensor 1100, it was densified to 96 % of BaSrTiO2 theoretical density by W. Temperature-insensitive strain sensing Due to the immediate interaction between the monomer and the based on measurement of the reflected oxidant, the primary reaction product, nanofibers, is the main morphological component present. After completion of the reacbandwidth from a tapered fiber grating tion, the product is collected for purification. Yang, Harbin Institute of Technology (China) ing with water gives pure doped polyaniline. The senof them are based on the measurement of the reflected power sor was placed in a multi-channel gas calibration system and from the tapered fiber grating. A fast the revolution of these sensors is begin to depend on the light response of 1 min and a recovery of 5 min with good repeatability power fluctuation, connection loss and so on. On the basis of the operation, the gas sensor is promising for environmental and intheory calculation and experiment, we demonstrate the feasibildustrial applications. In this paper, we also present a novel method based on a 6414-74, Poster Session tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer to measure the bandwidth of the reflected light. From the experimental results, it could be seen the modeling of coplanar waveguide that the influences of the light power fluctuation and connection transmission lines in multiple metal layer loss are eliminated thoroughly. This simple and low-cost sensor approach has a considerable potential, particularly application of processes strain sensing in the smart structures. This paper reports on preliminary studies into electroapplied to a number of systems. Due to its intrinsic structural nature, this type of sensor presents a good sensing sensitivity of strain and 6414-75, Poster Session temperature. Nevertheless, artificial real-time vision and simple shift measurements are being developed which utilise optical fiseeing systems remain a massive challenge mainly because the bre based interferometric techniques. The accuracy and reliability of this model can be significantly imGrooved infrared polarizers with a reduced proved through various elaborations. However, these halide materials are insufficient as regards chemical durability, mechanical strength, the effect on crosstalk and maximum machinability, and adhesiveness to metals. Consequently, spequantum efficiency of inter-pixel ridges cial care must be taken when using these wire-grid polarizers. Si incorporated in a stacked gradient can be a suitable substrate for the wire-grid due to microfabrication capability and durability. However, the high refractive index of Si homojunction vertical single-junction causes a high reflection-loss (46%). Therefore the Si plate usuphotodiode architecture ally has to be coated with an antireflection film, which requires an additional fabrication process. Response resolution may be enhanced further by including pattern of 400-nm pitch by the two-beam interference of the ing a laterally stacked gradient homojunction in the form of interHe-Cd laser (325-nm wavelength). We evaluated ent homojunctions will give two dimensional control of photothe transmission spectra of this element with a spectrometer. This should result in additional improvement in pened because the subwavelength-grating structure on the Si pixel sensitivity and crosstalk suppression. The results demonstrate enhanced relative crosstalk suppression and slightly enhanced maximum 6414-80, Poster Session quantum efficiency compared to the stacked gradient homojunction photodiode architecture without ridges. Frontwall illumination is still has resulted in an imperative need for large capacity and more advantaged in reduced relative crosstalk while backwall illuminaefficient wireless systems. Common materials used in bags and suitcases such as nymum system phase noise and minimum power consumption. A 31% further reduction of power consumption is sion and low power consumption is critical. The mobile receiver as well as the detailed mathematical phase noise optical scanner is externally actuated by an electromagnet and optimisation method will be presented in the full paper. The displacements of the scanner were recorded using a 6414-81, Poster Session position sensitive detector. The meaenvironmental monitoring surements are in good agreement with the theoretical lumpedG. Finite-element analysis was performed and the results agree with the theoretical and experimental results. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesia) the static and dynamic displacements of the fiber optic scanner Gas sensors based on metal oxides have proved to be very promdepend on the thickness and length of the magnetic coating. Thus, ising to be used for monitoring air pollutants because of their fast scanners for different displacements and operating frequencies sensing response, simple implementation, and low-cost fabricacan be designed by varying the coating thickness and length. However, some problems associated with their sensitivity and selectivity remain unsolved. The aim of this re6414-84, Poster Session search is to develop a systematic and comprehensive method in improving the sensitivity and selectivity of metal oxide based gas Investigation of vertical displacement sensor devices. Thus, they will be connected with electronic In this paper, we presented design, modeling, fabrication, testing data collection and telemetry system necessary for the remote techniques and experimental verification for a bi-directional theroperation of the sensors. The actuation principle is based on the asymmetrisors will be described in this paper. Bi-directional actuation is achieved depending upon the application of currents on either the top or bottom layers. Previous designs demonstrated had a limited vertical displace(Japan) ment due to the mechanical limitation imposed by the flexural lengths of the actuator arms. We proposed a new design allowthis paper is a study on a new type of a tendon system driven by ing an increase of the maximum displacement by 75% with the a pneumatic balloon. The flexure arm is incorporated in the It consists of a tendon and a silicon tube. Both ends of the silicon top silicon layer such that the torsional forces on the flexural arms tube are closed and the tube expands like a balloon with the supare minimized. This enables larger deflection of the actuator arm ply of air, which distends the silicon tube and pulls the tendon. These two acthe temperature distributions on the actuator arms and displacetuation systems have a difference in the mechanism of driving ments of the actuators at various conditions were analyzed using the tendon. We will discuss the design configuration, testing techniques of the tendon is clamped near the balloon. The potential applications of the out-of-plane the states of expansion are examined for both the high power actuators include flow sensors, variable capacitors, resistive sentype and the long stroke type. The basic characteristics of the two tendon systems are dis6414-85, Poster Session cussed. Such responses are the electrostatic force between the curved cantilever and the dominated by noise which is largely non-random. With the correlator response are likely due to the structure of the visual a warped cantilever, the force closes the gap from the anchor scene, which we term Pattern noise. Pattern noise is investigated end and gradually the zipping effect actuates the entire cantilever by implementing saturation at different stages in our model and without increasing the biasing voltages. Previous electrostatic zipcomparison of each of these models with the physiological data per actuators require a thin layer of dielectric material on top of from the fly is performed using cross covariance technique. They may have an issue with electrical breakdown of the thin dielectric layer due 6414-89, Poster Session to the film quality. We designed a new mechanical structure to avoid the electrical An active locking mechanism for shorting problem without a layer of dielectric material. Our analyassembling 3D microstructures sis and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed design can withstand high voltage without shorting and is caP. Pull-in voltages for various configurations Microassembly is an enabling technology to build 3D were analyzed and will be presented. Multiple microparts can be connected together to construct complicated in-plane and out-of-plane microsystems 6414-86, Poster Session by using compliant mechanical structures such as micro hinges and snap fasteners. A precision robotic assembly platform with a the long operands into short channels that are processed in pardual microscope vision system was used to automate the maallel. The performance of this architecture is evaluated and an nipulation and assembly processes of microparts. The assembly enhanced architecture is proposed in which the channels are sequence includes (1) tether breaking and picking up of a pipelined to achieve high throughput. Control performance of pneumatic artificial As a result, the micropart was held vertically to the substrate and locked by the compliance of Chevron beams. Microparts were muscle successfully assembled using our active locking mechanism and N. This active locking mechanism allows electrical interconnections the robot in the future will be lightened and, in addition, the comwhich can potentially be used to implement a reconfigurable plex tasks will be done by the consumption of less energy. To microrobot that requires complex assembly of multiple links and achieve this, the development of an artificial muscle actuator which joints. At present, the artificial muscle actuator used is the Mckinbben type, but the heat and mechanical loss of this actuator are large because of 6414-90, Poster Session the friction caused by the expansion and contraction of the sleeve. Therefore, we developed the artificial muscle tube where the carCharacteristic comparison between bon fiber of the high intensity had been built into the silicone tube. Mckibben type artificial muscles and Our actuator is long-lived because it does not need the sleeve, straight fibers type artificial muscles and can give the aeolotropic property of the actuator by how to knit the fiber built into the tube. Nakamura, Chuo University (Japan) fundamental control performance of a pneumatic artificial muscle. A wearable device and a rehabilitation robot which assists a human muscle should have characteristics similar to those of hu6414-88, Poster Session man muscle. In addition, because the wearable device and the rehabilitation robot should be light, an actuator with a high power/ Implementation of saturation for modeling weight ratio is needed.

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